Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, by baseline antacid exposure.
| Variable | No antacid exposure (N = 204) | Antacid exposure (N = 110) | p value | All patients (N = 314) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.6 (59.1–72.6) | 67.9 (58.2–70.7) | 0.77 | 66 (58.7–71.6) |
| Male | 161 (78.9%) | 87 (79.1%) | 1 | 248 (79%) |
| USA | 119 (58.3%) | 35 (31.8%) | <0.001 | 154 (49%) |
| Europe | 23 (11.3%) | 38 (34.5%) | <0.001 | 61 (19.4%) |
| Asia | 62 (30.4%) | 37 (33.6%) | 0.634 | 99 (31.5%) |
| PD-1 monotherapy | 186 (91.2%) | 85 (77.3%) | <0.001 | 271 (86.3%) |
| PD-1/CTLA-4 Combination | 8 (3.9%) | 13 (11.8%) | 0.016 | 21 (6.7%) |
| PD-1/TKI Combination | 10 (4.9%) | 12 (10.9%) | 0.063 | 22 (7%) |
| First-line ICI | 93 (45.6%) | 44 (40%) | 0.404 | 137 (43.6%) |
| Second-line ICI | 102 (50%) | 56 (50.9%) | 0.906 | 158 (50.3%) |
| Third-line or later | 9 (4.4%) | 10 (9.1%) | 0.135 | 19 (6.1%) |
| Prior sorafenib | 110 (53.9%) | 65 (59.1%) | 0.406 | 175 (55.7%) |
| Prior local therapy | 182 (89.2%) | 95 (86.4%) | 0.467 | 277 (88.2%) |
| Cirrhosis | 147 (72.1%) | 78 (70.9%) | 0.896 | 225 (71.7%) |
| Chronic hepatitis B | 57 (27.9%) | 31 (28.2%) | 1 | 88 (28%) |
| Chronic hepatitis C | 76 (37.3%) | 42 (38.2%) | 0.903 | 118 (37.6%) |
| HBV/HCV co-infection | 6 (2.9%) | 2 (1.8%) | 0.718 | 8 (2.5%) |
| Non-viral liver disease | 65 (31.9%) | 35 (31.8%) | 1 | 100 (31.8%) |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 35 (17.2%) | 23 (20.9%) | 0.447 | 58 (18.5%) |
| Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 21 (10.3%) | 9 (8.2%) | 0.688 | 30 (9.6%) |
| Other liver disease | 7 (3.4%) | 4 (3.6%) | 1 | 11 (3.5%) |
| ECOG ⩾ 1 | 88 (43.1%) | 57 (51.8%) | 0.155 | 145 (46.2%) |
| BCLC A | 5 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.167 | 5 (1.6%) |
| BCLC B | 51 (25%) | 30 (27.3%) | 0.686 | 81 (25.8%) |
| BCLC C | 146 (71.6%) | 77 (70%) | 0.795 | 223 (71%) |
| BCLC D | 2 (1%) | 3 (2.7%) | 0.348 | 5 (1.6%) |
| Child–Pugh A | 137 (67.2%) | 78 (70.9%) | 0.441 | 215 (68.5%) |
| Child–Pugh B | 58 (28.4%) | 27 (24.5%) | 0.507 | 85 (27.1%) |
| Child–Pugh C | 7 (3.4%) | 3 (2.7%) | 1 | 10 (3.2%) |
| Portal venous thrombosis | 68 (33.3%) | 40 (36.4%) | 0.535 | 108 (34.4%) |
| Extrahepatic metastasis | 103 (50.5%) | 59 (53.6%) | 0.637 | 162 (51.6%) |
| No measurable intrahepatic disease | 26 (12.7%) | 9 (8.2%) | 0.261 | 35 (11.1%) |
| Multifocal (⩾3) intrahepatic nodules | 115 (56.4%) | 59 (53.6%) | 0.632 | 174 (55.4%) |
| Maximum diameter of largest lesion (cm) | 6.15 (3–12.5) | 6 (3.6–10.1) | 0.663 | 6 (3.2–11.2) |
| Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/ml) | 183.3 (10.9–2563.5) | 223.65 (14.25–4615.5) | 0.408 | 183.3 (12.4–2917.7) |
| Baseline PPI only† | NA | 85 (78%) | NA | 85 (27.1%) |
| Baseline H2RA only | NA | 17 (15.6%) | NA | 17 (5.4%) |
| Baseline PPI and H2RA exposure | NA | 7 (6.4%) | NA | 7 (2.2%) |
| No concurrent antacid‡ | 147 (72.4%) | 10 (9.3%) | <0.001 | 157 (50.5%) |
| Concurrent PPI only | 34 (16.7%) | 73 (67.6%) | <0.001 | 107 (34.4%) |
| Concurrent H2RA only | 9 (4.4%) | 19 (17.6%) | <0.001 | 28 (9%) |
| Concurrent PPI and H2RA exposure | 13 (6.4%) | 6 (5.6%) | 1 | 19 (6.1%) |
| Baseline antibiotic exposure | 14 (6.9%) | 26 (23.6%) | <0.001 | 40 (12.7%) |
| Baseline steroid exposure | 4 (2%) | 10 (9.1%) | 0.006 | 14 (4.5%) |
Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges or counts and proportions.
One patient had baseline antacid exposure, but the type of antacid was not documented.
Two patients with baseline antacid exposure had missing data on concurrent antacid exposure; one patient without baseline antacid exposure had missing data on concurrent antacid exposure.
BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; H2RA, histamine-2-receptor antagonist; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.