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TLR signaling pathway. Ligand binding induces receptor dimerization and TLR interacts with TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins. (Left) TLR signaling occurs through a MYD88-dependent pathway. (Right) TLRs require other TIR domain-containing adaptors to induce cytokine expression, including TIRAP and TCAM. Purple ellipses denote conserved TIR domains. SOCS is a negative regulator of intracelluar cytokine signaling that can inhibit TLR responses.
