Table 2.
Technologies reviewed and description
| Technology | Description |
|---|---|
| Additive Manufacturing | "refers to a range of technologies that build objects up in layers without the need for a mould or cutting tool". Tatham et al. (2015, p. 191) |
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) | “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”. Kaplan and Hanlein (2019, p. 17) |
| Big Data (BD) | “a holistic approach to manage, process and analyse 5Vs (i.e., volume, variety, velocity, veracity and value) in order to create actionable insights for sustained value delivery, measuring performance and establishing competitive advantages”. Fosso Wamba et al. (2015, p. 215) |
| Blockchain Technology (BT) | “refers to a fully distributed system for cryptographically capturing and storing a consistent, immutable, linear event log of transactions between networked actors”. Risius and Spohrer (2017, p. 386) |
| Cloud Computing (CC) | “use of computing services (hardware and software) delivered on-demand to customers over a network in a self-service fashion, independent of device and location”. Marston et al. (2011, p. 177) |
| Crowdsourcing | “a problem-solving and completing tasks model which involves the participation of the internet crowd (…) to harness collective intelligence”. Estellés-Arolas et al. (2015, p. 43) |
| Information Technology (IT) | “any technology used to support information gathering, processing, distribution and use; composed of hardware, software, data and communication technology”. Beynon‐Davies (2009, p. 5) |
| Internet-of-Things (IoT) | “a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network”. Vermesan et al. (2011, p. 10) |
| Mobile Phone | “any device and application that uses cellular (or wireless) technology to send information or communication across distances to other devices or people”. Lefebvre (2009, p. 491) |
| Predictive Technologies (PT) | “set of tools that enable to analyse patterns from records or previous data for forecasting likely future behaviour”. Nyce and Cpcu (2007, p. 1) |
| Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | “a radiofrequency (RF) electronic technology that allows automatic identification or locating of objects, people, and animals in a wide variety of deployment settings”. Hu et al. (2015, p. 260) |
| Robot | “a constructed system that displays both physical and mental agency but is not alive in the biological sense”. Richards and Smart (2016, p. 6) |
| Satellite | “any technology enabled by Earth-orbiting satellites, including the information produced directly by satellites (e.g., images) as well as the information gathered using satellites (e.g., communication)”. Delmonteil and Rancourt (2017, p.58) |
| Sensors | “a device that can be controlled and queried by an external device to detect, record, and transmit information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment". Annamalai et al. (2003, p. 1942) |
| Social Media | “refers to internet-based services that allow individuals to create, share and seek content, as well as to communicate and collaborate with each other”. Lee and Ma (2012, p. 332) |
| Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) | “uninhabited and reusable motorised aerial vehicles, which are remotely controlled, semi-autonomous, autonomous, or have a combination of these capabilities, and that can carry various types of payloads, making them capable of performing specific tasks within the earth’s atmosphere, or beyond, for a duration, which is related to their missions”. Van Blyenburgh (1999, p. 43) |
| Virtual and Augmented Reality | “VR is an immersive computing technology that allows people to enter and experience things inside an artificial virtual world as if it were real” (Kwok et al. 2019, p. 713)/“AR technology supports the production of a live direct view of real-world environments whose elements are augmented by technologies such as videos, graphs, or GPS data”. Demir et al. (2017, p. 194) |
| Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) | “the widespread creation and sharing of geographic information by private citizens, often through platforms such as online mapping tools, social media, and smartphone applications”. Haworth (2016, p. 189) |