Table 7.

The role of DTs within HSC

Technology	Main objective	Main application domain	Mitigation	Preparedness	Response	Recovery
Additive Manufacturing	To understand 3D printing technology rapid manufacturing at the sites of humanitarian crises. Savonen et al. (2018) To investigate 3D printing potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics. Tatham et al. (2015)	Development of a new type of 3D printer and possibility to manufacture a particular item or equipment at a location affected by an emergency situation. Savonen et al. (2018) Reduction of supply chain lead times, the use of logistic postponement techniques and the provision of customised solutions to meet unanticipated operational demands. Tatham et al. (2015)	○	✓	✓	✓
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	To predict trends, warehousing optimisation and set logistics prices in Humanitarian Operations. Dash et al. (2019) To process and analyse large volumes of data to be integrated into an Artificial Intelligence platform for Disaster Response (AIDR). Ofli et al. (2016)	Humanitarian Logistics Operations. Dash et al. (2019) Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Response (AIDR) Ofli et al. (2016)	○	✓	✓	○
Big Data	Capability of an organisation adopting Big Data and Predictive Analytics (BDPA) positively impacts both visibility and coordination in the HSC. Dubey et al. (2018) Big Data Analytics Capability (BDAC) as an organisational culture positively impacts the collaborative performance and swift trust between military and civil organisations working together in disaster relief operations (Dubey et al., 2019; Dubey et al., 2019c; Dubey et al. 2019b; Dubey et al., 2019a) BDPA, as a capability, improves effectiveness of humanitarian operations to achieve its objectives, and combined with social capital can improve HSC performance. Jeble et al. (2019) To predict crowd behaviour in extreme situations of evacuation. Bellomo et al. (2016) BDA to leverage opportunities to generate RISE (rapid, impactful, sustained, and efficient) operations in humanitarian context. Swaminathan et al. (2018) To address resource allocation challenges in remote locations. Grabowski et al. (2016) To improve efficiency in DM through sentiment analysis of social media data. Ragini et al. (2018) To support decision-making in crisis/disaster management. Drosio and Stanek (2016), Horita et al. 2017) To explain the role of supply chain resilience and achieve sustainability. Papadopoulos et al. (2017) To improve participatory humanitarian response by using open Big Data. Mulder et al. (2016) To design better interventions by understanding the data attributes that impact on cost, propagation, deliverables and lead-times in humanitarian operations. Mulder et al. (2016)	Coordination and Collaboration in HSC. Dubey et al. (2018), Dubey et al. (2019), Dubey Gunasekaran, and Papadopoulos (2019), Dubey et al. (2019c), Dubey et al. (2019a) Crisis Management. Bellomo et al. (2016), Drosio and Stanek (2016), Horita et al. (2017), Ragini et al. (2018) Efficiency and Responsiveness in Humanitarian Operations. Mulder et al. (2016), Swaminathan et al. (2018), Jeble et al. (2019) Resource allocation in DM. Grabowski et al. (2016) Supply chain resilience. Papadopoulos et al. (2017) Humanitarian Response Management Mulder et al. (2016)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Blockchain Technology (BT)	To understand how BT can influence operational supply chain transparency (OSTC) and swift trust (ST) among stakeholders in disaster relief operations. Dubey et al. (2020a) Conceptualization of the BT use in the healthcare industry. Angeles (2018) To improve the authenticity and transparency of healthcare data. Angraal et al. (2017) To understand implications of geospatially enabled BT solutions. Kamel Boulos et al. (2018) To explore BT application in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Nawari and Ravindran (2019)	BT-enabled collaboration among actors engaged in disaster relief operations and supply chain resilience (SCR). Dubey et al. (2020a) Medical and healthcare industry (healthcare data exchange and interoperability; drug supply chain integrity and remote auditing; and clinical trials and population health research). Angeles (2018) Reconstruction of buildings and infrastructure in post-disaster recovery stage. Nawari and Ravindran (2019) Geospatial BT record of validated location, allowing accurate spatiotemporal mapping of physical world events (such as disasters). Kamel Boulos et al. (2018)	○	✓	○	✓
Cloud Computing (CC)	To improve collaboration between organisations and suppliers in HSC. Schniederjans et al. (2016) To enhance inter-organisational trust and agility in HSC context, accelerating supply chain integration. D’Haene et al. (2015) To increase flexibility and responsiveness in the IT capabilities of humanitarian organisations. (Schniederjans et al. 2016)	Collaboration and Agility in HSC. Schniederjans et al. (2016), D’Haene et al. (2015) Performance measurement in HSC Schniederjans et al. (2016)	○	✓	✓	○
Crowdsourcing	To discuss advantages and limits of using crowdsourcing methods and tools in disaster management. Poblet et al. (2018) To identify crowdsourcing-based data acquisition method and discuss their potential issues. Zheng et al. (2018)	Conceptualisation of crowdsourcing roles and platforms in disaster management. Poblet et al. (2018) Management of crowdsourcing projects, data quality, data processing, and data privacy in crowdsourcing-based data acquisition methods. Zheng et al. (2018)	○	○	✓	○
Information Technology (IT)	To provide a holistic perspective on the use of IT throughout all disaster management phases. Sakurai and Murayama (2019) To design an IT system that integrates all the parties involved in humanitarian relief operations. Dwiputranti et al. (2019) To develop an IT platform infrastructure to facilitate “cross-ministerial information sharing” of the various disaster-response governmental organizations. Usuda et al. (2019) To develop an early warning system based on a portable IT unit as an alternative communication means to mitigating disaster damages. Kumagai et al. (2019) To discuss a new IT (mobile phone-based service) for informing concerned authorities, family and friends about the well-being of an affected individual in emergency cases. Madhavaram et al. (2017) To examine how emergency management organizations utilize ITs in their communication and coordination with other organizations in the emergency management network. Hu and Kapucu (2016) Analyse the role of ITs in humanitarian product and service supply after a disaster strikes. Khan et al. (2019) To assess the relationships between IT utilization, mutual trust, agility, flexibility, adaptability and performance in an HSC context. Kabra and Ramesh (2016)	Disaster relief operations. Dwiputranti et al. (2019), Bjerge et al. (2016) Disaster management information services. Usuda et al. (2019) Disaster response management. Kumagai et al. (2019) Emergency and disaster management. Madhavaram et al. (2017), Hu and Kapucu (2016) Humanitarian Logistics. Khan et al. (2019) Humanitarian relief operations. Kabra and Ramesh (2016) Healthcare system. Bidgoli (2018)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Internet-of-Things (IoT)	To present a Software Defined Network (SDNs)-based architecture for urban traffic monitoring in emergency situations in the context of smart city environments. Rego et al. (2018) To propose an IoT architecture for flood data management that collects, transmits and manages flood related data. Ghapar et al. (2018) To develop reliable IoT Networks for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) in disaster search and rescue operations. Ahn et al. (2018) To propose an evacuation planning algorithm to provide personalized evacuation planning schemes for users in order to guide them to the most reasonable shelter. Xu et al. (2018), Xu et al. (2018) To design a traffic emergency response system based on Internet of Things to improve the level of emergency response. Liu and Wang (2019) To analyse how IoT (in confluence with other technologies) has the potential to revamp the healthcare system, in order to cope with the burden of modern diseases and the challenge of scaling up to ever-increasing populations. Latif et al. (2017) To propose a IoT based solution using the task-technology fit approach for an effective and efficient disaster management. Sinha et al. (2019)	Urban traffic management. Rego et al. (2018) Flood forecasting. Ghapar et al. (2018) Disaster rescue operations. Ahn et al. (2018) Emergency evacuation planning. Xu et al. (2018), Xu et al. (2018) Traffic emergency response. Liu and Wang (2019) Healthcare System. Latif et al. (2017) Disaster management operations. Sinha et al. (2019)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Mobile Phone	To examine the use of actively and passively produced mobile phone data for managing humanitarian disasters. Cinnamon et al. (2016)	Disease disaster management. Cinnamon et al. (2016)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Predictive Technologies (PT)	To facilitate authorities to better distinguish the probability of occurrence of natural hazards and make improved decisions about mitigation plans. Stickley et al. (2016) To make quicker decisions in supply chain operations (i.e., patient evacuation and improved medical care delivery to military missions in conflict areas). Griffith et al. (2019)	Natural disaster management.Humanitarian Logistics Operations. Griffith et al. (2019)	✓	○	✓	✓
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)	Remote identification and tracking of patients, staff, drugs, and equipment. Hu et al. (2015) An RFID-based solution to improve the retrieval of buried facilities as part of disaster recovery efforts. Wang et al. (2015) To evaluate the potential of RFID for emergency management tasks within the emergency management life cycle. Ahmed (2015)	Electronic Health (eHealth) systems. Hu et al. (2015) Disaster recovery operations. Wang et al. (2015) Emergency Management. Ahmed (2015)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Robots	To collaborate in search and rescue activities (SAR) through exploration of affected areas and acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) information. Bogue (2016), Li et al. (2017), Tanzi and Isnard (2019) To acquire and process key environmental information, becoming extremely useful to collect data in particularly polluted or radioactive environments. Kim et al. (2017), Pransky (2018), Ha et al. (2019), Jang and Woo (2019) To support relief operations in HSC, being particularly useful with their deployment in extreme natural hazards. Kim et al. (2017), Tadokoro et al. (2019) To help in recovery works and reducing the impact of the disaster by avoiding imminent post-disaster hazards in extremely harsh environments. Kim et al. (2017), Ha et al. (2019), Jang and Woo (2019)	Search and Rescue (SAR). Bogue (2016), Li et al. (2017), Tanzi and Isnard (2019) Natural disaster management. Kim et al. (2017), Pransky (2018), Ha et al. (2019), Jang and Woo (2019) Relief operations. Kim et al. (2017), Tadokoro et al. (2019) Post-disaster Management. Kim et al. (2017), Ha et al. (2019), Jang and Woo (2019)	○	○	✓	✓
Satellite	To assess the impact of Earth Observation (EO) satellites’ performance in supporting emergency response services. Denis et al. (2016) To review the creation of a common licensing scheme for the access and use of satellite earth observation (EO) data. Clark (2017) To explore the relevance of surveillance technologies for detecting and gathering information to control maritime borders. Jumbert (2018) To investigate the role of commonly used satellite technologies in relief logistics: imagery and mapping. Delmonteil and Rancourt (2017)	Emergency Management Service (EMS). Denis et al. (2016) International disaster management (DM) activities. Clark (2017) Border management. Jumbert (2018) Disaster relief logistics. Delmonteil and Rancourt (2017)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Sensors	To analyse how multi-vendor sensor derived data is produced and exchanged, and how the information obtained can be useful for emergency decision-making. Alamdar et al. (2017)	Flood disaster management. Alamdar et al. (2017)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Social Media	To investigate implications of social media platforms in emergency situations. Elbanna et al. (2019) To explore the use of microblogging platforms by Emergency Response Organisations (EROs) during extreme natural events. Abedin and Babar (2018) To underline different patterns of social media use by the collectives in emergency response. Lai (2017) To understand the institutional and community-based politics that frame the types of data produced in disasters. Burns (2018) To distinguish spatially related information from unhelpful or speculative social media ‘noise' in the aftermath of a disaster. Collins et al. (2016)	Social media's role in rapid propagation of information in emergency situations. Abedin and Babar (2018 Use of different social media networks in the disaster management response stage. Lai (2017) Social media’s role in dissemination and diffusion of information by non-institutional stakeholders in emergency situations. Abedin and Babar (2018) Development of the Crisis Communication Tool (CCT) in an emergency event. Collins et al. (2016) Advantages and limitations of Twitter as a social media platform that can help to mitigate disasters. Landwehr et al. (2016)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)	To prevent and/or to quickly detect natural disasters by monitoring environmental conditions and collect data (humidity, temperature, wind, etc.). Ejaz et al. (2019) To positively impact relief distribution. Nedjati et al. (2016), Chowdhury et al. (2017), Golabi et al. (2017), Rabta et al. (2018), Shavarani (2019) UAVs are used to access cut-off areas when infrastructures has collapsed, overcoming last-mile distribution problems. Tatham et al. (2017), Rabta et al. (2018) To improve search and rescue (SAR) activities thanks to their speed and autonomous operation. Erdelj, Natalizio, et al. (2017) Chowdhury et al. (2017), Shakhatreh et al. (2019) UAVs help to increase rapidity and efficiency to supply essential resources and keep people alive, particularly in the first 12–24 critical hours. Shavarani (2019). In this regard, UAVs can identify “hot spots” where it could be more likely to find survivors. Chowdhury et al. (2017) To create updated maps of impacted areas, collaborating in the creation of path planning operation. Chowdhury et al. (2017), Golabi et al. (2017), Bravo et al. (2019), Li et al. (2019), Shakhatreh et al. (2019) To collaborate in waste management by offering a safe identification of any dangerous material, working in toxic environments or even collecting data about radioactivity or gas concentrations. Kiss Leizer and Tokody (2017), Giordan et al. (2018), Kiss Leizer and Karoly (2018) A group of UAVs allows a Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET) to be eployed, which means a flexible and fast communication network able to provide crucial communication services and wireless connection for HSC in a disaster. Merwaday et al. (2016), Sanchez-Garcia et al. (2016) Zhao et al. (2019), Ejaz et al. (2019), Shakhatreh et al. (2019), Zhao et al. (2019), Mascarello and Quagliotti (2017) To help in damage assessment through aerial images, video inspection and sensor data to evaluate the state of key infrastructures (Chowdhury et al., 2017; Erdelj et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019)	Natural disaster management. Ejaz et al. (2019) Relief distribution. Nedjati et al. (2016), Chowdhury et al. (2017), Golabi et al. (2017), Tatham et al. (2017), Rabta et al. (2018), Shavarani (2019) Search and Rescue (SAR). Erdelj, Natalizio, et al. (2017) Chowdhury et al. (2017), Shakhatreh et al. (2019), Shavarani (2019) Planning of Humanitarian Operations. Chowdhury et al. (2017), Bravo et al. (2019), Li et al. (2019), Shakhatreh et al. (2019) Waste Management. Kiss Leizer and Tokody (2017), Giordan et al. (2018), Kiss Leizer and Karoly (2018) Communication Networks. Merwaday et al. (2016), Sanchez-Garcia et al. (2016), Zhao et al. (2019), Ejaz et al. (2019), Shakhatreh et al. (2019), Zhao et al. (2019), Mascarello and Quagliotti (2017) Damage Assessment. (Chowdhury et al., 2017; Erdelj et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Virtual and augmented reality	To explore the adoption of augmented reality (AR) techniques and applications in emergency situations. Sebillo et al. (2016) To discuss the importance of an appropriate simulation training for responders. Kwok et al. (2019) To enable better prepared responders on health, security and managerial issues emerging in disaster management. Sebillo et al. (2016) To support coordination between multiple stakeholders in disaster management response stage through AR technologies. Demir et al. (2017)	Development of a hazard simulation system with the capability to recreate large scale and multi-agency emergency incidents—virtual collaborative simulation-based training (VCST). Kwok et al. (2019) Three-dimensional (3D) visualizations of disaster scenes based on mobile VR. Hu et al. (2018) Adoption of AR techniques and applications in emergency situations. Sebillo et al. (2016) Development of distributed collaborative systems for teams of rescuers and operators involved in a rescue mission. Croatti et al. (2017) Integration of wearable devices and AR technology (AR) to support activities in disaster management response stage. Demir et al. (2017)	✓	✓	✓	✓
Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)	To identify important analytical trends and use patterns on the utilization of VGI and geo-social media for disaster management. Granell and Ostermann (2016)	Natural and man-made disaster management. Granell and Ostermann (2016).1	✓	✓	✓	✓