Table 2.

Matched Case–Control Analysis of Stillbirths After Maternal Vaccination During Pregnancy^*

Exposure During Pregnancy	Vaccination Rate in Stillbirths (n=795)	Vaccination Rate in Live Births (n=3,180)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted† OR (95% CI)	P
Any vaccination	411 (51.7)	1,682 (52.9)	0.94 (0.78–1.12)	0.95 (0.78–1.14)	.56
Influenza vaccination‡	343 (43.1)	1,407 (44.3)	0.94 (0.79–1.13)	0.95 (0.79–1.14)	.54
Tdap vaccination§	184 (23.1)	746 (23.5)	0.97 (0.76–1.24)	0.96 (0.76–1.28)	.91
Non–routinely recommended vaccinations∥	9 (1.1)	35 (1.1)	1.03 (0.49–2.17)	0.92 (0.42–2.00)	.84

OR, odds ratio; Tdap, tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis.

Data are n (%) unless otherwise specified.

^*Fourteen days after the last menstrual period through 7 days before the index date (stillbirth outcome date or reference date for matched control).

^†Adjusted for maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, obesity, nulliparity, history of stillbirth, Black non-Hispanic race, and maternal comorbidities and pregnancy complications occurring before vaccination.

^‡Inactivated influenza vaccination with or without Tdap vaccination.

^§Tdap vaccination with or without inactivated influenza vaccination.

^∥Human papillomavirus, meningococcal, pneumococcal, inactivated polio, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, inactivated typhoid, yellow fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis B.