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. 2021 May 10;157(3):555–582. doi: 10.1007/s10290-021-00414-5

Table 3.

Summary statistics for the main variables used in analysis.

Source: Authors’ calculations

Variables Observations Mean Standard deviation
Government expenditure model
GDP 372 191,799 37,338
Net Tax 372 5,151 2,027
Central Government 372 7,630 1,334
Local Government 372 32,575 7,829
Consumption 372 72,884 13,219
Trade Balance 372 6,878 1,462
Investment model
Gross National Income 372 2,762 201
Net Tax 372 5,151 2,027
Investment in infrastructure 372 473 47
Investment in manufacturing 372 482 59
Investment in R&D 372 99 13
External Debt model
Short-term debt 372 115,367.0 15,427.8
Long-term debt 372 70,771.4 8,153.2
Government expenditure 372 197,912.2 27,843.8
Government revenue 372 208,665.3 28,579.5