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. 2021 May 10;157(3):555–582. doi: 10.1007/s10290-021-00414-5

Table 6.

Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips-Perron test for unit roots.

Source Authors’ calculations

Government expenditure model
Tests ∆y ∆nt ∆nc ∆nl ∆na ∆nb
ADF Critical value at 5%* − 2.73 (− 1.95) − 2.47 (− 1.95) − 3.37 (− 1.95) − 2.02 (− 1.95) − 2.25 (− 1.95) − 3.97 (− 1.95)
PP − 3.03 (− 2.98) − 3.41 (− 2.98) − 3.58 (− 2.98) − 4.01 (− 2.98) − 3.00 (− 1.95) − 7.10 (− 2.98)
Investment model
Tests ∆y ∆t ∆i ∆m ∆r
ADF Critical value at 5% − 2.73 (− 1.95) − 2.98 (− 1.95) − 2.25 (− 1.95) − 3.56 (− 2.98) − 2.31 (− 1.95)
PP − 3.03(− 2.98) − 3.84 (− 1.95) − 4.12 (− 1.95) − 3.77 (− 2.98) 2.80 (− 1.95)
External debt model
Tests ∆ds ∆dl ∆gr ∆ge
ADF Critical value at 5% − 2.15 (− 1.95) − 3.19 (− 1.95) − 2.43 (− 1.95) − 3.61 (− 2.98)
PP − 2.89 (− 1.95) − 3.32 (− 1.95) − 2.95 (− 1.95) − 6.18 (− 2.98)

*Values in parenthesis are test statistics