TABLE 1.
Selected antiviral Angiosperm plants of African origin and the major class of phytochemicals present based on widespread use and documented evidence.
| S/N | Plants | Class of phytochemicals present | Identified phytochemicals with antiviral activity | Indications | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) | Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids Goyal et al. (2007) | Oleanolic acid (168) Mukherjee et al. (2013) | HSV-1 | Africa, south Afrcia |
| HSV-2 | |||||
| HIV- Mukherjee et al. (2013) | |||||
| 2 | Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) | Phenolics | Nil | HSV-1 | Nigeria |
| Senegal Sulaiman et al. (2011) | |||||
| 3 | Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) | Diterpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols Pongtuluran and Rofaani (2015) | Andrographolide (63) ( Pongtuluran and Rofaani (2015) | HSV-1 | Nigeria Hamidi et al. (1996) |
| SRV | |||||
| EBV Wiart et al. (2005) | |||||
| DV Panraksa et al. (2017) | |||||
| 4 | Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren (Fabaceae) | Phenolics Rahmasari et al. (2017) | Aspalathin (105), nothofagin (106), isoorientin (104), orientin (103), quercetin (73), luteolin (170) Rahmasari et al. (2017) | HIV | South Africa |
| Influenza Rahmasari et al. (2017) | |||||
| 5 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) | Carbohydrates | Polysaccharides P1 and P2 | PV-1 Faccin-Galhardi et al. (2012) | African countries |
| 6 | Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) | Phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids Shikalepo et al. (2018) | Myricitin (32), xanthohumol (96), scutellarin (95), methoxyflavone (169) Shikalepo et al. (2018) | HIV-1 Shikalepo et al. (2018) | South Africa |
| 7 | Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) | Protein | Lectins (Concanavalin A) Figure 6 | HSV Marchetti et al. (1995) | Nigeria Africa |
| 8 | Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) | Phenolics Esquenazi et al. (2002) | Catechins (133) Esquenazi et al. (2002), myricetin (136) Vlietinck et al. (1997) | EBV | Kenya |
| Tannins Lima et al. (2015) | CMV | ||||
| Flavonoids Vlietinck et al. (1997) | VV Lima et al. (2015) HIV-1 Vlietinck et al. (1997) | ||||
| 9 | a Combretum micranthum G.Don (Combretaceae) | Phenolics, tannins Ferrea et al. (1993), Flavonoids Welch (2010) | Catechin (133), catechinic acid Ferrea et al. (1993) cinnamtanins (98), pavetanins (97), AOCA(Alkaline auto-oxidized catechins) Vlietinck et al. (1997), Apigenin (156) Welch (2010) | HSV-1 | Nigeria |
| HSV-2 Ferrea et al. (1993) | |||||
| HIV-1 Vlietinck et al. (1997) | |||||
| 10 | Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Compositae) | Phenolics, Alkamides Vimalanathan et al. (2005) | Cichoric acid (108) Vimalanathan et al. (2005) Iwu (2014) | HIV Awortwe et al. (2013) | South Africa Zimbabwe |
| HSV | |||||
| Influenza Barnes et al. (2005) | |||||
| 11 | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae) | Triterpenes (saponins), flavonoids Vlietinck et al. (1997) | Glycyrrihizin and its derivatives (107), liochalchone, isolicoflavonol, glycocoumarin, glycyrrhizoflavone, licopyranocoumarin | HSV-1 | South Africa |
| HIV Vlietinck et al. (1997) | |||||
| 12 | Macaranga barteri Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) | Phenolics (stilbenes) Ogbole et al. (2018), Segun et al. (2019) | Vedehanin (110), schwenfurthin, mappai Ogbole et al. (2018), Segun et al. (2019) | EV b Ogbole et al. (2018), Segun et al. (2019) | Nigeria |
| 13 | Musa acuminata L. Musa spp (Musaceae) | Protein | Lectins Peumans et al. (2000) Figure 7 | Anti-HIV Swanson et al. (2010) | Nigeria, tropical Africa |
| 14 | Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. and schult.) DC. (Rubiaceae) | Peptides | Cyclotides (KB1, KB8) Ireland et al. (2008) Figure 5 | HIV Daly et al. (2004) | Dr. Congo |
| 15 | Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae) | Alkaloids Vlietinck et al. (1997) | Papaverine (99) Vlietinck et al. (1997) | HIV-1 Vlietinck et al. (1997) | Nigeria |
| 16 | Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez (Primulaceae) | Flavonoids Mehrbod et al. (2018a) | Quercetin (73) Mehrbod et al. (2018a) | Influenza A Mehrbod et al. (2018a) | South Africa |
| 17 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) | Terpenoids Chrubasik et al. (2005), Iwu (2014) | Beta sesquiphellandrene (109) Chrubasik et al. (2005), Iwu (2014) | RhV | Nigeria |
| RSV Chrubasik et al. (2005), Iwu (2014) |
HIV–Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HSV 1–Human Simplex Virus one; HSV 2–Human Simplex Virus two; RhV–Rhinovirus; RSV–Respiratory Syncytial Virus; EBV–Epstein-Barr Virus; CMV–Cytomegalovirus; VV–Visna Virus; DV–Dengue Virus; SRV–Simian Retrovirus; PV-1 -Poliovirus type 1.
a
As a part of the seven Keys preparation, it is used to treat small-pox, chicken pox and measles. Welch (2010).
b
It is only effective against serotypes E7 and E19. (Segun, et al., 2019); (Ogbole et al., 2018).