TABLE 3.
African Plants which are less widely applied in TAM with in vivo and in vitro evidence-based antiviral potentials [Level V].
| African plant | Country | Plant organ | Bioactive compound isolated | Viral protein targeted | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alangium chinense (Lour.) harms (Cornaceae) | Cameroon, Ethiopia, tropical Africa. | Roots | Sesquiterpenoids and alkaloids | Coxsackie B3 | Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) | Ghana | Bark | Bark extract | HSV-1 | Martins et al. (2009) |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) | Ghana | NP | Polysaccharides | Poliovirus | Faccin-Galhardi et al. (2012) |
| Calophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) | Kenya, Madagascar | NP | Coumarin and xanthone | HIV RT≠ | |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) kuntze (Theaceae) | South Africa | Green tea | Epigallocatechin (171), lucidone (172) | HBV | Xu et al. (2008) |
| Kenya | |||||
| Malawi | |||||
| Rwanda | |||||
| Nigeria | |||||
| Cryptopleura ramosa (hudson) L. Newton (Delesseriaceae) | South Africa | NP | Sulfated galactans | HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication in vero | Carlucci et al. (1997) |
| Ferula narthex Boiss. (Apiaceae) | North Africa | NP | Sesquiterpenecoumarins (51) | Influenza | Lee et al. (2009) |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) | Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa | NP | Rhamnogalacturonan | CMV≠ cytotoxicity | Steinmassl and Anderer (1996), Huisman et al. (2001) |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae) | North Africa | Leaflets | Chalones (52) | Influenza | Dao et al. (2011) |
| Griffithsia (wrangeliaceae) | South Africa | NP | Griffithsin | HIV clade C | Danaher et al. (2011) |
| Hypericum perforatum L. (hypericaceae) | South Africa | Stem and petals | Hypercin (47) | HCV≠ | Jacobson et al. (2001) |
| Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton (Oleaceae) | South Africa | Oleanolic acid (168) and ursolic acid (17) | HCV | Kong et al. (2013) | |
| Algeria | |||||
| Marrubium peregrinum L. (Lamiaceae) | Northern Africa | NP | Ladanein (173) (BJ486K), a flavonoid | All HCV genotypes | Haid et al. (2012) |
| Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) | Nigeria | NP | Recombinant MAP 30 | HIV | |
| Phyllanthus niruri L. (Phyllanthaceae) | West Africa | Leaf | b Niruriside (48) | HIV | Dharmaratne et al. (2002), Lee-Huang et al. (1995), Qian-Cutrone et al. (1996) |
| Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) | Madagascar | Longumosides and amide alkaloids | HBV | Jiang et al. (2013) | |
| Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) | North Africa | Punicagalin | Enterovirus 71 | Mouhajir et al. (2001), Yang et al. (2012) | |
| Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) | South Africa | NP | a Polyphenols | Enveloped viruses, Food borne surrogate viruses | Kotwal (2008), Neurath et al. (2004), Neurath et al. (2005), Su et al. (2010), Sundararajan et al. (2010) |
| Reynoutria japonica houtt. (Polygonaceae) | South Africa | Leaves | c Resveratrol+ | HIV, EBV, HCV | De Leo et al. (2012), Heredia et al. (2000) |
| Rubus fruticosus L. (Rosaceae) | South Africa | NP | Extract | HSV-1≠ | Danaher et al. (2011) |
| Salvia rosmarinus spenn. (Lamiaceae) | North Africa | Np | Carnosic (49) | RSV | Shin et al. (2013) |
| Ethiopia | |||||
| Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) | Northern Africa | NP | Liquid extract | Influenza | Krawitz et al. (2011) |
| Swietenia macrophylla king (Meliaceae) | West Africa | Stem | d 3-hydroxy caruilignan (3-HCL-C) | HCV | Wu et al. (2012) |
| Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) kurz (Lythraceae) | Tanzania, Madagascar | Flowers | Gallic acid (54) | Enterovirus HCV | Choi et al. (2010) |
NPNot Provided. ≠Only in vitro activitiy reported;
HIV-1 entry inhibitors from pomegranate juice adsorbed onto corn starch. The resulting complex blocks virus binding to CD4 and CXCR4/CCR5 and inhibits infection by primary virus clades A to G and group O; the antiviral effects of pomegranate polyphenols are mediated in different ways depending on the nature of the virus. In the case of influenza virus, elimination of infectivity by pomegranate polyphenols is primarily a consequence of damage to virion integrity, rather than simply a coating of viral particles.
inhibitory activity against protein binding to RNA.
protein synthesis inhibition, decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and suppressession of the EBV-induced activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors NF–kB and AP-1.
3-HCL-C interfered with HCV replication by inducing IFN-stimulated response element transcription and IFN-dependent anti-viral gene expression. HIV–Human Immunodeficiency Virus; HSV 1–Human Simplex Virus one; HSV 2–Human Simplex Virus two; EBV–Epstein-Barr Virus; CMV–Cytomegalovirus; HBV–Hepatitis B Virus; RSV–Respiratory Syncytial Virus; HCV–Hepatitis C Virus.