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. 2020 Dec 3;70(6):1174–1182. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323071

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO): relevant effects for metabolic syndrome on the host. Microbiota-derived metabolites mediate diverse effects on host metabolism. SCFAs (green frame): (i) increase satiety and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT); (ii) induce a decrease in lipogenesis and associated inflammation; (iii) increase the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) and (iv) participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. BCAAs (yellow frame): (i) increase thermogenesis, protein synthesis and hepatocyte proliferation but (ii) are also associated with insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation. TMAO (red frame): increases cardiovascular risks by inducing hyperlipidaemia, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines.