Table 3.

Summary of health coaching interventions

References	Coaching strategy/intervention used	Preparation of coach/es	No. of coach/es	Coaching style	Interval of intervention	Length of intervention	Duration of each session
[31]	Goal-focused Treat to target (directive) Personalised care (non-directive)	Practice Nurses employed at GP practices	70	1 face-to-face 8 telephone	6 weekly (6 months) 2 months (6–12 months) 12 months 15 months	18 months	10–120 min per session Average 30 min
[32]	Based on Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Focused on smoking cessation services, increasing physical activity, medication management and action planning	Specially trained study nurses 2 days training	8	4 telephone	Week 1, 3,7,11	24 weeks	35–60 min (week 1) 15–20 min (week 3,7,11)
[34]	Motivational Interviewing	Registered nurses Certified in motivational interviewing	Not specified	6 telephone	biweekly	9 months	Not specified
[35]	DVD program (24 min) Management Motivational enhancement Identifying desired and attainable behavioural goals Behaviour plan	Trained diabetes nurse Bilingual nurse educator trained in patient-centred approaches	1	5 telephone	Case by case	6 months	15–60 min per session
[33]	Based on Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Focused on smoking cessation services, increasing physical activity, medication management and action planning	Specially trained study nurses 2 days training	8	4 telephone	Week 1, 3,7,11	11 weeks	35–60 min (week 1), average 39 min; 15–20 min (week 3,7,11)
[36]	Focus on giving information, interpreting the experience, and validating and clarifying responses and actions related to the surgical experience directed toward marking a difference in recovery outcomes	Minimum with Bachelor of Nursing degree 3 × 2-hour formal classes including the procedure for data collection for both the NCI and the UP groups, study instruments, data management, and, if interested, data entry.	12	4 telephone	1st night, 24, 48, and 72 h post-surgery	1 week	15–35 min per session
[37]	Motivational Interviewing Health promotion	Masters prepared Over 20 years of experience in psychiatric mental health nursing All attended motivational interviewing training	5	5 face-to-face	Week 2, 6, 10, 14, 18	18 weeks	-
[38]	Based on Revised Symptom Management Conceptual Model and the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory Self-management Knowledge and perceptions to motivate people to engage in desired symptom management behaviours, skills, and resources necessary to perform behaviours and support from family and health professionals to continue the behaviours. Individualized psychoeducational sessions	Experienced nurses	1	1 face-to-face 2 telephone	Weekly	3 months	1 h per session
[5]	Based on Self-Regulation Theory Techniques incorporated: Goal setting, motivational interviewing, action planning, active listening and open-end questioning	Experienced certified nurses and public health nurses Trained for 4 weeks in a telephone coaching model developed by Pfizer Health Solutions and modified for Finnish system. Two supervised sessions. Trained for motivational interviewing technique and telephone coaching	8	10–12 telephone	Monthly	12 months	30–60 min per call
[1]	3-level approach (individual, group, and facility) Group level: health education providing knowledge and motivating self-management behaviours Individual level: Goal setting	Training given by Principle investigator Geriatric nurse practitioners (2 experts in geriatric nursing and motivational interviewing) Nurses were divided into two groups (individual level or group level)	8	Group workshop Face-to-face	Weekly	8 weeks	1-hour group coaching 30 min per session
[9]	Based on Self-Regulation Theory Techniques incorporated: Goal setting, motivational interviewing, action planning, active listening and open-end questioning	Experienced certified nurses or public health nurses. Trained for 4 weeks in a tele-coaching model initially developed by Pfizer Health Solutions then modified for Finnish system. Two supervised sessions.	7	10–11 telephone	Monthly	12 months	30–60 min per call
[39]	Coaching framework based on appreciative inquiry theory (goal setting, achievement) 1 inpatient interview 1 48-hour post-discharge phone call 1 home visit/participant within 14 days of discharge 30, 60, and 90-day follow-up calls	Master’s prepared-RN Certified health coach	1	1 face-to-face 1 telephone 1 face-to-face 3 telephone	Immediately post-surgery 48-hour post-discharge 14, 30, 60, and 90 days post-discharge	3 months
[40]	Personalised care plan Areas of coaching based on 8 priorities	Specially trained nurses employed by NHS Direct Content of training not specified	Not specified	12 telephone	Usually monthly (depending on patients’ situations)	12 months	15 min per call
[41]	Based on James Prochaska’s transtheoretical model of behaviour change Targeted 4 desired asthma care behaviours	Paediatric nurses working at St. Louis Children’s Hospital telephone triage service (registered nurse for at least 10 years, and an average of 5 years of paediatric telephone triage experience) Training was composed of two, 90-minute group sessions within a two-week period to review study design. Course content included an introduction to asthma coaching and the conceptual model, and review of documentation expectations. Coaches learned how to “stage” parents on their readiness to apply each of the targeted behaviours, then observed and practiced staging through role-playing and written assignments. They learned how to provide tailored care advice appropriate to each parent’s stage of readiness guided by a computerized protocol.	13	1–11 telephone	Average 4–8 calls	12 months	10 min per call
[42]	Motivational interviewing	Trained extensively in motivational interviewing and change theory by a cognitive behavioural psychologist and then in procedures related to the specific coaching protocol.	1	4 telephone	Fortnightly	6 weeks	30 min
[43]	Medication management Pain advocacy Living with pain	Master’s-prepared RN with prior experience in oncology or pain management and received additional training and monitoring by the principle investigator.	Not specified	3 face-to-face 2 telephone	2, 3, 4, 5 and 6th week	12 weeks	45–60 min (face-to-face); 10–15 min (telephone)
[44]	Lifestyle and pharmacological management: Five stages along a continuum of motivational readiness to engage in a healthy behaviour (Precontemplation; Contemplation; Preparation; Action; and Maintenance)	Licensed practice nurses who had extensive previous experience with asthma assessment and treatment Attended 5 training days Trained 2 days to deliver telephone coaching session to individuals Practice nurses employed by GP clinics	2	1 face-to-face 8 telephone	6 weekly (6 months) 2 monthlies (6–12 months) 12 months 15 months	18 months	-

GP General Practice, NHS National Health Service, RN Registered Nurse