Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95% CIs for educational attainment among individuals with lifetime SAD, compared with unaffected individuals from the general population, excluding different groups of comorbidities and stratified by gender

	Whole cohort	Excluding neuropsychiatric disorders	Excluding anxiety disorders	Excluding psychotic disorders	Excluding affective disorders	Excluding substance use disorders
Compulsory education, eligibility to access upper secondary educationa
Vocational programme
All	0.31 (0.30–0.33)	0.35 (0.33–0.38)	0.32 (0.30–0.34)	0.31 (0.30–0.33)	0.26 (0.25–0.28)	0.32 (0.30–0.33)
Female	0.28 (0.26–0.30)	0.32 (0.29–0.34)	0.28 (0.25–0.30)	0.28 (0.26–0.30)	0.24 (0.21–0.26)	0.29 (0.27–0.31)
Male	0.36 (0.33–0.38)	0.41 (0.37–0.45)	0.36 (0.33–0.40)	0.35 (0.33–0.38)	0.29 (0.26–0.32)	0.35 (0.32–0.38)
Academic programme
All	0.52 (0.50–0.55)	0.59 (0.56–0.62)	0.54 (0.52–0.57)	0.53 (0.51–0.55)	0.50 (0.47–0.54)	0.54 (0.52–0.57)
Female	0.52 (0.49–0.54)	0.58 (0.54–0.61)	0.52 (0.49–0.56)	0.52 (0.49–0.55)	0.52 (0.48–0.57)	0.54 (0.51–0.57)
Male	0.54 (0.50–0.57)	0.61 (0.57–0.66)	0.57 (0.53–0.62)	0.54 (0.51–0.58)	0.48 (0.44–0.53)	0.55 (0.52–0.59)
Post-compulsory education
Finishing upper secondary educationb
All	0.19 (0.19–0.20)	0.22 (0.21–0.23)	0.21 (0.20–0.22)	0.20 (0.19–0.20)	0.20 (0.19–0.21)	0.21 (0.20–0.22)
Female	0.18 (0.17–0.19)	0.20 (0.19–0.21)	0.19 (0.18–0.20)	0.18 (0.17–0.19)	0.18 (0.17–0.20)	0.20 (0.19–0.21)
Male	0.21 (0.20–0.22)	0.24 (0.23–0.26)	0.23 (0.21–0.24)	0.22 (0.21–0.23)	0.21 (0.19–0.22)	0.23 (0.22–0.24)
Starting a university degreec
All	0.47 (0.45–0.49)	0.54 (0.52–0.56)	0.56 (0.53–0.59)	0.48 (0.46–0.50)	0.49 (0.46–0.52)	0.54 (0.52–0.57)
Female	0.43 (0.40–0.45)	0.49 (0.46–0.52)	0.51 (0.48–0.55)	0.43 (0.41–0.45)	0.45 (0.41–0.49)	0.49 (0.45–0.51)
Male	0.54 (0.51–0.58)	0.64 (0.59–0.68)	0.62 (0.57–0.67)	0.56 (0.52–0.60)	0.55 (0.50–0.60)	0.67 (0.62–0.71)
Obtaining a university degreed
All	0.35 (0.33–0.37)	0.41 (0.38–0.43)	0.41 (0.38–0.45)	0.36 (0.34–0.38)	0.42 (0.38–0.46)	0.41 (0.39–0.44)
Female	0.33 (0.30–0.35)	0.37 (0.34–0.40)	0.39 (0.35–0.43)	0.33 (0.31–0.36)	0.39 (0.34–0.43)	0.37 (0.35–0.41)
Male	0.40 (0.36–0.45)	0.50 (0.45–0.55)	0.46 (0.40–0.52)	0.42 (0.38–0.47)	0.47 (0.41–0.54)	0.51 (0.45–0.57)
Finishing post graduate educatione
All	0.58 (0.43–0.80)	0.63 (0.45–0.88)	0.75 (0.51–1.10)	0.56 (0.41–0.78)	0.60 (0.37–0.97)	0.75 (0.55–1.03)
Female	0.57 (0.36–0.90)	0.64 (0.40–1.02)	0.69 (0.38–1.25)	0.53 (0.33–0.86)	0.64 (0.32–1.28)	0.69 (0.44–1.09)
Male	0.60 (0.39–0.92)	0.62 (0.38–0.99)	0.79 (0.48–1.32)	0.59 (0.38–0.93)	0.57 (0.30–1.11)	0.81 (0.52–1.27)

Note: All odds ratios are obtained by multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for sex, year of birth, maternal age at birth and paternal age at birth and clustered by mother with robust standard error estimation (sandwich estimator). Separate analyses for males and females did not adjust for sex. Statistically significant findings are highlighted in bold. ICD codes for the disorders that constitute each group of psychiatric comorbidities are reported in online Supplementary Table S1.

^aSubcohort of individuals graduating compulsory school between 1998 and 2013 and not having died or emigrated from Sweden before age of 15 years.

^bSubcohort of individuals born in 1973–1994 and not having died or emigrated from Sweden before age of 19 years.

^cSubcohort of individuals born in 1973–1992 and not having died or emigrated from Sweden before age of 21 years.

^dSubcohort of individuals born in 1973–1988 and not having died or emigrated from Sweden before age of 25 years.

^eSubcohort of individuals born in 1973–1983 and not having died or emigrated from Sweden before age of 30 years.