Table 1. Ameliorative role of probiotics in suppressing respiratory tract infections and hyperinflammation.
| Organism | Dose and Duration | Type of study | Outcome | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S. salivarius K12,
S. salivarius M18, L. reuteri, L. sakei, and L. paracasei |
First month: 3 tablets/day,
Next two months: one tablet/day |
double-blind,
randomized, placebo- controlled trial |
↓ RTIs in paediatric population | 88 | |
| L. paracasei CBA L74 | For 3 Months: 5.9 × 10
11
CFU/day dietary product deriving from cow's milk or rice fermentation |
double-blind,
randomized, placebo- controlled trial |
↓ incidence of URTIs in children
attending day care or preschool |
90 | |
| L. casei Shirota | For 12 weeks: 1× 10
11
CFU/day |
randomized controlled
trial |
↓ incidence of URTIs in healthy
middle aged office workers |
91 | |
| For 12 weeks: 65 mL/day
fermented milk, containing 10 8 CFU/mL |
controlled open trial | ↓ acute RTIs in young
Vietnamese children |
92 | ||
| L. plantarum DR7 | For 12 weeks: 1 × 10
9
CFU/day |
randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled study |
↓ duration and frequency URTIs
↓ TNF-α and IFN-γ ↓oxidative stress ↑ IL-10 and IL-14 |
93 | |
| L. gasseri A5 | For 4 weeks: 1 × 10
7
CFU/day |
In vivo (Female BALB/c
and C57BL/6 mice) |
↓mite induced allergic
inflammation |
94 | |
| L. paracasei ST11 | For 9 days: 10 8 CFU/day | In vivo study (mice) | ↓vaccinia virus replication,
dissemination and infection associated lung inflammation |
95 | |
|
Lactobacillus gasseri
SBT2055 |
For 24h: 50 μg/ml |
In vitro (HEp-2 human
laryngeal epithelial cells and MLE12 mouse lung epithelial cells) |
↓ RSV replication and associated
lung inflammation |
96 | |
| For 21 days: 2 × 10
9
CFU/day |
In vivo (mice) | ||||
| E. faecalis (heat killed) | For 12 days: 8.5 × 10
10
CFU/kg/ day |
pre-treatment,
in vivo
(CCR2-deficient and C57BL/6 mice) |
↓ monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1 in influenza infection |
97 | |
| Probiotic mixture
containing 6 Lactobacillus and 3 Bifidobacterium |
For 16 weeks: 0.6 g/kg/day
(6 billion CFU/g) |
In vivo (male SD rats, 6
weeks old) |
↓systemic adiposity and
inflammation |
98 | |
| C. butyricum B1 | For 8 weeks: 1×10
9 cells/
day |
In vivo (male C57BL/6
mice) |
↓ Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
and inflammation. ↔ enterohepatic immunoregulation |
99 | |
| L. plantarum Y44 | For 12 weeks : 4×10
7
CFU/mL/ day or 4×10 9 CFU/mL/day |
In vivo (C57BL/6 obese
mice) |
↓intestinal inflammation
↑gut bacteria and SCFAs production |
100 | |
| L. acidophilus DDS-1 | 3 × 10 9 CFU/g |
In vivo (C57BL/6 obese
mice) |
↓proinflammatory cytokine levels
↑gut microbiota and SCFAs |
101 | |
|
B. infantis
CGMCC313-02 |
0.2 mL/day
(5 × 10 10 CFU/mL) |
In vivo (Male BALB/c
mice) |
↓ allergen induced secretion of
IgE, IgG1 and proinflammatory cytokines. |
102 | |
| L. paracasei KW3110 | 1.25–5
μg/mL |
For 24
hours |
J774A.1 cells | ↓ cytokine IL-1β via IL-10
activation and signalling |
103 |
| 100 μg/mL | human monocytes | ||||
|
S. thermophilus DSM
32345, L. acidophilus DSM 32241, L. helveticus DSM 32242, L. paracasei DSM 32243, L. plantarum DSM 32244, L. brevis DSM 27961, B. lactis DSM 32246, and B. lactis DSM 32247 |
For 21 days: 2.4×10
9/day in
3 equal doses/day |
cohort study | 8 – fold decrease in risk of
developing respiratory failure associated with CoVID-19. |
104 | |
RTIs-Respiratory tract infections; URTIs- Upper respiratory tract infections; CFU-Colony forming unit; RSV-Respiratory syncytial virus; CCR2- C-C chemokine receptor type 2; IL-Interleukin; IFN-Interferon; TNF-Tumour necrosis factor, SCFAs-short chain fatty acids; CoVID19- Coronavirus disease 2019. ↓-Reduce; ↑-Enhance; ↔- Balance.