Table TABLE.
Epidemiology of Uric Acid and Hypertension
| Study (Year) | Population | Relative Risk of Hypertension | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Israeli Heart (1972) | 10,000 Israeli men, age 17–25 y, enrolled at military induction | Two‐fold risk at 5 y | 9 |
| Fessel et al (1973) | 224 White men in Western United States, age >35 y | Greater increase in systolic blood pressure at 4 y | 60 |
| Gruskin (1985) | 55 Adolescents, racially mixed US population | Higher uric acid, higher blood pressure | 53 |
| Moscow Children’s Study (1985) | 145 Caucasian children in Moscow, age 8–17 | Uric acid >8 mg/dL predicts severe hypertension | 17 |
| Brand et al (1986) | 4286 Men and women age 35–50 y in the Framingham cohort | Uric acid, systolic blood pressure rise a linear relation | 61 |
| Hungarian Children’s (1990) | 17643 Hungarian children, age 6–19 y | Uric acid predicts adolescent hypertension | 16 |
| Kaiser Permanente (1990) | 2062 Adult men and women in the Kaiser Permanente Multiphasic Health Checkup cohort in Northern California | Two‐fold risk at 6 y | 62 |
| University of Utah (1991) | 1482 Adult men and women in 98 Utah pedigrees | Two‐fold risk at 7 y | 63 |
| NHANES (1993) | 6768 Healthy children age 6–17 y | Uric acid predicts adolescent hypertension | 18 |
| Olivetti Heart Study (1994) | 619 Adult men from Southern Italy | Two‐fold risk at 12 y | 64 |
| CARDIA study (1999) | 5115 Black men and women age 18–30 y | Increased risk at 10 y | 10 |
| Osaka Health Survey (2001) | 6356 Japanese men age 35–60 y | Two‐fold risk at 10 y | 15 |
| Hawaii‐LA‐Hiroshima Study (2001) | 140 Japanese American men age 40–69 y | 3.5‐fold risk at 15 y | 11 |
| Feig and Johnson (2003) | 175 Racially diverse children, age 6–18 y in Texas | Uric acid >5.5 mg/dL predicts hypertension | 54 |
| Osaka Factory Study (2003) | 433 Nonobese Japanese men age 18–40 y | 1.0 mg/dL, increased 27 mm Hg systolic blood pressure at 5 y | 12 |
| Osaka Health Survey (2003) | 2310 Male office workers in Japan, age 35–59 y | 1.6‐fold risk at 6 y | 14 |
| Okinawa (2004) | 4489 Japanese men and women, age >30 y | 1.7‐fold risk at 13 y | 13 |
| Bogalusa Heart (2005) | 577 Black (58%) and white (42%) children enrolled at age followed until age 18–35 y | Increased risk for diastolic hypertension at 11 y | 22 |
| Framingham (2005) | 3329 Men and women in the Framingham cohort | 1.6‐fold at 4 y | 23 |
| Normative Aging Study (2006) | 2062 Healthy men age 40–60 y at enrollment | 1.5‐fold at 21 y | 65 |
| ARIC (2006) | 9104 Mixed race (black and white) men and women age 45–64 y at enrollment | 1.5‐fold at 9 y | 66 |
| Beaver Dam Survey (2006) | 2520 White men (44%) and women (56%) age 43–84 y in Wisconsin | 1.65‐fold at 10 y | 67 |
| Health Professional Followup (2006) | 750 Mostly white men in Massachusetts | 1.08‐fold at 8 y | 68 |
| MRFIT (2007) | 3073 Men age 35–57 y | 1.8‐fold at 6 y | 69 |
| Nurses Health (2009) | 1496 Women, racially diverse, age 32–52 y | 1.9‐fold at 6 y | 70 |
| Qingdao Port Health (2009) | 7220 Men (74%) and women (26%) in Quingdoa China, mean age 37 y | 1.39 For men, 1.85 for women at 4 y | 71 |
| Jones et al (2009) | 141 Children age 7–18 y , 64% men, 71% black | 2.1‐fold risk in adolescence by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring | 72 |
| Leite et al (2010) | 1410 Men and women in Milan, Italy, young cohort 42–59 y, older cohort 60–74 | Increased risk in middle age, not elderly | 73 |
| Grayson et al (2010) | 55,607 Adults, meta‐analysis of 18 prospective studies | 1.41‐fold risk each 1 mg/dL uric acid | 74 |
| Silverstein et al (2011) | 108 Racially diverse children, age 6–18 in Texas and Washington, DC | Linear association between systolic blood pressure and uric acid in children on renal replacement therapy | 24 |
| GOCADAN (2012) | 1078 Alaskan native Americans with chronic kidney disease II or III | 1.2‐fold age‐adjusted risk | 75 |
| Fadrowski (2012) | 6036 Adolescents, age 11–17 y, evaluated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | Uric acid >5.5 mg/dL, 2.03‐fold risk | 76 |