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. 2021 May 7;9:e11306. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11306

Figure 4. The glycolytic pathway regulates the expression levels of immune checkpoints.

Figure 4

The black and red arrows represent promotion and inhibition, respectively. The expression of HIF-1α is up-regulated by LDH-A. HIF-1α can combine to HRE to promote the expression of PDL1. LDH-A also catalyze pyruvate to produce large amounts of lactate. The accumulation of lactate actives GPR81-cAMP-PKA pathway to up-regulate the expression of PDL1 in tumor cells. Abbreviations: LDH-A, Lactate dehydrogenase A; HIF-1 α, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; PDL1, Programmed death-ligand 1; GPR81, G protein-coupled receptor 81; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA, Protein kinase A.