Table 3. Agents and their targets tested in PDX models of esophageal cancer.

Agent	Target	Histology	Administration method	Mouse strain	Reference
Gimatecan	Topoisomerase I	ESCC	Oral gavage	NOD-SCID mice	[61]
HCPT	Topoisomerase I	ESCC	Paraneoplastic injection	SCID mice	[59]
Cetuximab	EGFR	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	Athymic nude mice	[36]
Theliatinib	EGFR	ESCC	Oral gavage	NOD-SCID mice	[42]
Trastuzumab	HER2	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection	NSG mice	[70]
Trastuzumab/ pertuzumab	HER2/HER3	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection	NSG mice	[160]
Afatinib dasatinib	EGFR /Src family kinase	ESCC	Oral gavage	NOD-SCID mice	[73]
Afatinib/AMG 337	HER2/MET	EG	-	-	[74]
Lapatinib	EGFR/HER2	ESCC	Oral gavage	Athymic nude mice	[75]
APIO-EE-9	Aurora A and B	ESCC	-	SCID mice	[82]
SHR6390	CDK4/6	ESCC	Oral gavage	NOD-SCID mice	[90]
Palbociclib	CDK4/6	ESCC	Oral gavage	BALB/c nude mice	[37]
BAY1143572	CDK9	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection	Athymic nude mice	[92]
AdSOCS1	SOCS1	ESCC	Intratumoral injection	NOD-SCID	[98]
Metformin	JAK/STAT3	ESCC	-	SCID mice	[99]
Stattic	STAT3	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	SCID mice	[100]
Purpurogallin	MEK1/2	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mice	[107]
Ethyl gallate	ERK1/2	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mcie	[111]
Sulforaphene	MSK2	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	SCID mice	[114]
Gossypetin	MKK3/6	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mice	[115]
Anti-Glypican-1 mAb	Glypican-1	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	NOG/SCID mice	[119]
5E1 LDE225	SHH SMO	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection Oral gavage	NOD-SCID/NSG mice	[124]
CYH33	PI3Kα	ESCC	Oral gavage	BALB/c nude mice	[132]
Oridonin	Akt	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mice	[133]
Xanthohumol	Akt	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mice	[134]
Scutellarin	Akt1/2	ESCC	Oral gavage	SCID mice	[135]
DC101	VEGFR2	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection	Athymic nude mice	[144]
Ganetespib	HSP90	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	NSG mice	[148]
DAPT	Notch signaling	EAC	Intraperitoneal injection	NSG	[152]
PPMP	Tubulin	ESCC	Intraperitoneal injection	SCID mice	[156]
Antisense oligonucleotides	LncRNA AGPG	ESCC	Intratumoral injection	Athymic nude mice	[159]

HCPT: (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; HER3: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3; MET: MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase; CDK4/6/9:cyclin dependent kinase 4/6/9; SOCS1:suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3:signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MEK1/2:mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; MSK2:ribosomal protein S6 kinase A4; MKK3/6:mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6; SHH: sonic hedgehog; SMO: smoothened, frizzled class receptor; PI3Kα:phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha; Akt: serine/threonine kinase 1; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; EAC: esophageal adenocarcinoma; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EG: esophagogastric cancer; SCID: C.B17-Prkdc^scid; NOD-SCID: NOD.C.B17-Prkdc^scid; NOG/SCID: NODShi.Cg-Prkdc^scid Il2rg^tm1Sug; NSG: NOD.Cg-Prkdc^scidIl2rg^tm1Wjl.