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. 2021 Apr 26;12:587518. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.587518

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Copyright © 2021 Fröhlich and Wahl

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Important parameters for cellular effects of thyroid hormones. Free TH levels are influenced by the amount of distribution proteins such as albumin (Alb), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), and transthyretin (TTR). Cellular uptake is determined by expression of transporters like L-amino acid transporter (LAT), monocarboxylate transporter (MCT), Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP). Deiodinases D1-3 together with Sulfotransferases (SULT1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) determine action on the cellular level. Cellular effects are further influenced by the level of αvβ3 integrin and truncated and nuclear receptors TRα and TRβ.