Table 2.
Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among HCWs in Central Ethiopia, from June 25, 2020 to July 25, 2020 (n=816; Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratios, 95% Confidence Intervals)
| Variables | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 26–30 | 0.35 (0.23,0.54) | 0.32 (0.18,0.57)* | 0.51 (0.34,0.77) | 0.45 (0.39,1.07) | 0.24 (0.14,0.39) | 0.24 (0.13,0.43)* |
| 31–35 | 0.77 (0.50,1.21) | 0.60 (0.83,3.08) | 0.70 (0.44,1.09) | 0.65 (0.77,2.38) | 0.25 (0.15,0.43) | 0.20 (0.10,0.38)* |
| 36–40 | 0.42 (0.34,0.74) | 0.30 (0.23,1.13) | 0.29 (0.17,0.50) | 0.20 (0.27,1.07) | 0.16 (0.09,0.29) | 0.10 (0.05,0.22)* |
| >40 | 1.07 (0.60,1.89) | 0.97 (0.53,3.01) | 0.65 (0.37,1.17) | 0.51 (0.44,1.90) | 0.26 (0.14,0.49) | 0.16 (0.07,0.36)* |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 2.38 (1.75,3.24) | 2.01 (1.25,3.23)* | 2.14 (1.59,2.89) | 1.91 (1.27,2.86)* | 2.88 (2.09,3.95) | 2.08 (1.33,3.24)* |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Married | 3.55 (2.53,4.99) | 3.53 (2.15,5.80)* | 1.08 (0.82,1.43) | 0.83 (0.57,1.21) | 3.33 (1.75,3.10) | 3.15 (2.25,5.05)* |
| Location | ||||||
| Addis Ababa | 4.72 (2.07,10.66) | 3.83 (1.35,7.49)* | 1.67 (1.15,2.40) | 0.78 (0.38,1.60) | 3.66 (2.50,5.36) | 1.65 (0.78,3.58) |
| Oromiya Special Zone | 4.20 (2.76,12.87) | 3 94 (1.94,8.09)* | 2.57 (1.73,3.81) | 1.85 (1.14,2.99)* | 3.96 (2.64,5.95) | 2.14 (1.28,3.59)* |
| Central Oromiya | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Educational status | ||||||
| Diploma | 1.57 (1.04,2.38) | 0.51 (0.24,1.09) | 1.38 (0.96,1.99) | 1.23 (0.90,2.62)* | 1.46 (1.01,2.10) | 1.12 (0.62,2.02) |
| BSC/MD | 1.67 (1.11,2.50) | 0.36 (0.17,0.74)* | 1.70 (1.18,2.44) | 1.34 (0.80,2.24) | 2.71 (1.88,3.93) | 1.48 (0.83,2.63) |
| MSC/MPH/Specialty | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Profession | ||||||
| Nurse | 3.31 (1.82,6.03) | 3.28 (1.90,8.33)* | 1.42 (0.87,2.33) | 1.40 (0.97,3.32) | 1.22 (0.74,1.99) | 0.87 (0.46,1.64) |
| Physician | 1.86 (0.97,3.61) | 2.22 (0.99,5.00) | 1.35 (0.79,2.31) | 1.29 (0.86,3.29) | 0.94 (0.55,1.61) | 0.76 (0.38,1.53) |
| Midwife | 0.90 (0.46,1.74) | 0.87 (0.36,2.10) | 1.20 (0.72,1.99) | 1.11 (0.66,2.60) | 0.71 (0.43,1.17) | 0.64 (0.32,1.29) |
| Medical laboratory professional | 5.80 (3.09,14.91) | 4.69 (2.81,9.17)* | 2.88 (1.48,5.63) | 2.75 (1.78,4.79)* | 2.71 (1.35,5.45) | 1.63 (1.27,2.47)* |
| Health officer | 0.90 (0.42,1.93) | 0.78 (0.46,2.99) | 1.20 (0.67,2.14) | 1.15 (0.62,2.49) | 2.50 (1.34,4.67) | 2.31 (0.21,5.65) |
| Pharmacist | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Work department | ||||||
| COVID-19 isolation centers | 2.77 (1.44,5.36) | 2.14 (1.05,4.39)* | 4.55 (2.33,9.93) | 3.49 (2.24,6.97)* | 3.52 (1.65,5.94) | 2.38 (1.18,4.79)* |
| Emergency | 1.44 (0.76,0.75) | 0.29 (0.10,0.87)* | 1.49 (0.79,2.79) | 1.19 (0.49,2.87) | 2.53 (1.31,3.86) | 1.08 (0.43,2.73) |
| Surgical | 0.38 (0.19,0.77) | 0.07 (0.02,0.21)* | 0.60 (0.33,1.08) | 0.43 (0.22,0.85)* | 0.77 (0.43,1.38) | 0.43 (0.21,1.89) |
| Medical | 0.95 (0.51,1.75) | 0.47 (0.21,1.06) | 1.42 (0.79,2.53) | 1.13 (0.60,2.13) | 1.39 (0.78,2.46) | 0.80 (0.41,1.54) |
| OPD | 2.08 (1.12,3.87) | 0.33 (0.11,0.97)* | 1.61 (0.87,2.96) | 1.19 (0.51,2.79) | 3.16 (1.66,4.02) | 1.48 (0.59,3.69) |
| Laboratory | 0.73 (0.34,0.53) | 0.27 (0.09,0.79)* | 2.08 (1.02,4.24) | 1.43 (0.65,3.16) | 1.99 (0.99,4.01) | 1.15 (0.49,2.69) |
| Pharmacy | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Years of professional experience | ||||||
| <5 Year | 3.41 (2.26,5.19) | 2.45 (1.37,4.36)* | 1.33 (0.92,1.93) | 0.93 (0.59,1.46) | 1.16 (0.80,1.67) | 0.69 (0.42,1.12) |
| 5 −10 years | 2.56 (1.02,2.37) | 2.49 (1.40,4.41)* | 0.61 (0.43,0.87) | 0.54 (0.42,0.98)* | 0.91 (0.64,1.29) | 0.82 (0.26,2.12) |
| >10 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Online training for COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | 0.75 (0.54,1.04) | 0.64 (0.36,3.69) | 1.57 (1.12,2.02) | 1.50 (1.74,3.79)* | 0.71 (0.53,0.96) | 0.53 (0.56,1.24) |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| PPE available | ||||||
| No | 0.60 (0.43,0.82) | 0.55 (0.34,0.90)* | 1.13 (0.83,1.52) | 0.60 (0.39,0.92) | 0.92 (0.68,1.25) | 0.69 (0.81,1.95) |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Notes: 1=reference, and *statistically significant at p-value< 0.05 in bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.