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. 2021 May 6;14:1807–1825. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S306789

Table 1.

Identification of Serum Endogenous Metabolites During LPS-Induced Acute Systemic Inflammation

No. RT m/z Mode Metabolites Formula KEGG Pathway VIP P Fold Change CTRL/LPS Tendency in Model Samples
1 Amino acid 85.52 147.04796 [M]- L-Glutamic acid C5H9NO4 C00025 1, 4, 7, 33, 50 2.1417 5.612E-08 2.3650 Down
2 92.35 104.10701 [M+H]+ Gamma-Aminobutyric acid C4H9NO2 C00334 1, 7, 11 2.0993 5.699E-08 1.5024 Down
3 396.96 298.09602 [M+H]+ 5-Methylthioadenosine C11H15N5O3S C00170 3 2.0409 4E-07 0.3102 Up
4 85.88 132.02873 [M-H]- L-Aspartic acid C4H7NO4 C00049 1, 20, 22 2.0384 1.292E-06 2.0208 Down
5 106.83 613.15095 [M+H]+ Oxidized glutathione C20H32N6O12S2 C00127 4 2.0367 4.531E-07 3.6806 Down
6 391.91 206.08193 [M-H]- N-Acetyl-L-phenylal\ine C11H13NO3 C03519 9 1.9666 6.555E-06 0.2031 Up
7 95.63 288.0738 [M+H]+ Indoleglycerol phosphate C11H14NO6P C03506 5 1.9568 3.517E-06 2.7345 Down
8 102.83 116.07015 [M+H]+ L-Proline C5H9NO2 C00148 7 1.8878 1.451E-05 1.5651 Down
9 93.86 239.01536 [M-H]- L-Cystine C6H12N2O4S2 C00491 3 1.8875 2.833E-05 0.3699 Up
10 219.24 136.07489 [M+H]+ 2-Phenylacetamide C8H9NO C02505 9 1.8839 1.562E-05 1.3932 Down
11 709.51 117.05395 [M]- Guanidoacetic acid C3H7N3O2 C00581 7, 22 1.8622 4.282E-05 0.3102 Up
12 812.56 116.92614 [M-H]- Methylmalonic acid C4H6O4 C02170 16, 18, 43 1.8387 6.167E-05 0.2975 Up
13 463.66 219.11207 [M+H]+ N-Acetylserotonin C12H14N2O2 C00978 13 1.8041 6.027E-05 5.0426 Down
14 84.31 188.05558 [M-H]- N-Acetylglutamic acid C7H11NO5 C00624 47 1.7666 0.00017 2.1637 Down
15 397.18 136.0616 [M]+ Phenylacetic acid C8H8O2 C07086 9 1.6887 0.0002962 0.5972 Up
16 92.99 106.04999 [M+H]+ L-Serine C3H7NO3 C00065 3, 22, 32 1.6002 0.0008134 1.4324 Down
17 418.32 198.11233 [M+H]+ Metanephrine C10H15NO3 C05588 23 1.5776 0.0010297 0.3770 Up
18 839.83 101.07103 [M]+ 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid C4H7NO2 C01234 3 1.5383 0.0015187 0.4098 Up
19 93.54 148.07961 [M]+ 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate C6H12O4 C06007 26 1.5335 0.0015901 0.6896 Up
20 320.58 173.0789 [M]+ 2-Oxoarginine C6H11N3O3 C03771 7, 29 1.5202 0.0018031 0.4542 Up
21 92.13 124.00605 [M-H]- Taurine C2H7NO3S C00245 50, 53 1.5014 0.0027829 1.5417 Down
22 71.26 111.05538 [M+H]+ Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde C5H6N2O C05130 28 1.4950 0.0022704 1.9201 Down
23 196.33 166.05778 [M]+ D-Phenyllactic acid C9H10O3 C05607 9 1.4933 0.0023051 2.3332 Down
24 336.58 246.1525 [M+H]+ Beta-Alanyl-L-arginine C9H19N5O3 C05340 30 1.4840 0.0025047 0.4130 Up
25 154.62 247.13983 [M+H]+ D-Octopine C9H18N4O4 C04137 7 1.4473 0.003436 2.9978 Down
26 93.62 147.07582 [M+H]+ L-Glutamine C5H10N2O3 C00064 1, 2, 33 1.4442 0.0035253 0.7408 Up
27 93.52 90.055385 [M+H]+ Beta-Alanine C3H7NO2 C00099 20, 30 1.4077 0.0047457 1.3380 Down
28 70.63 131.97461 [M]+ Glutaric acid C5H8O4 C00489 35, 44 1.3731 0.006202 0.9227 Up
29 196.31 182.08095 [M+H]+ Beta-Tyrosine C9H11NO3 C04368 23 1.3581 0.0069395 1.3754 Down
30 152.83 136.06155 [M]+ 4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde C8H8O2 C03765 23 1.3544 0.0071325 0.7163 Up
31 150.66 136.95299 [M]+ 2-Aminobenzoic acid C7H7NO2 C00108 13 1.3477 0.0074936 0.7611 Up
32 326.52 177.10205 [M+H]+ 5-Hydroxytryptamine C10H12N2O C00780 13 1.3426 0.0077805 1.6931 Down
33 102.76 154.01655 [M+H]+ 3-Sulfinoalanine C3H7NO4S C00606 3, 50 1.3352 0.0082028 2.4910 Down
34 348.68 209.09192 [M+H]+ 3-Anthraniloyl-L-alanine C10H12N2O3 C00328 13 1.3330 0.0083362 0.6056 Up
35 102.36 427.09116 [M+H]+ S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine C13H22N4O8S2 C05526 3 1.3297 0.0085367 1.3485 Down
36 78.37 89.107679 [M+H]+ Putrescine C4H12N2 C00134 4, 7, 29 1.3263 0.0087457 0.3685 Up
37 444.35 130.06486 [M-H]- 3-Methylindole C9H9N C08313 13 1.3236 0.0106792 0.4467 Up
38 181.61 130.04916 [M+H]+ Pyroglutamic acid C5H7NO3 C01879 4 1.3064 0.0100556 1.3047 Down
39 451.31 191.08114 [M]+ 2-Amino-3,7-dideoxy-D-threo-hept-6-ulosonic acid C7H13NO5 C16850 5 1.2849 0.0116425 1.9810 Down
40 451.06 160.07442 [M+H]+ Indoleacetaldehyde C10H9NO C00637 13 1.2233 0.0173649 1.9142 Down
41 431.86 190.04945 [M+H]+ Kynurenic acid C10H7NO3 C01717 13 1.2212 0.0175879 0.6294 Up
42 160.73 248.05441 [M-H2O-H]- S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine C9H17NO6S C03539 3 1.2138 0.021276 1.7743 Down
43 96.11 174.08755 [M-H]- L-Citrulline C6H13N3O3 C00327 47 1.1905 0.024337 0.6324 Up
44 787.66 105.06989 [M+H-H2O]+ 2-Phenylethanol C8H10O C05853 9 1.1857 0.0218212 1.6524 Down
45 101.15 116.04561 [M]+ Glutarate semialdehyde C5H8O3 C03273 35 1.1769 0.0229994 0.7723 Up
46 96.48 145.0493 [M]+ 2-Oxoglutaramate C5H7NO4 C00940 1 1.1653 0.0246083 1.3173 Down
47 230.53 305.09713 [M+H]+ N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid C11H16N2O8 C12270 1 1.1556 0.0260294 0.5559 Up
48 794.90 156.12007 [M]+ 3-Indoleacetonitrile C10H8N2 C02938 13 1.1492 0.0269884 1.2237 Down
49 132.43 166.05252 [M+H]+ L-Methionine S-oxide C5H11NO3S C02989 3 1.1051 0.0344715 1.3616 Down
50 76.92 120.98084 [M]+ L-Cysteine C3H7NO2S C00097 3, 20, 22, 50 1.1003 0.0353727 3.3363 Down
51 152.87 219.09713 [M+H]+ Gamma-Glutamylalanine C7H11N2O5R C03740 4 1.0870 0.0379579 0.5292 Down
52 111.67 155.04301 [M+H]+ Imidazole pyruvate C6H6N2O3 C03277 28 1.0862 0.0381262 0.5728 Up
53 222.79 132.10128 [M+H]+ L-Isoleucine C6H13NO2 C00407 43 1.0849 0.0383927 1.4439 Down
54 185.84 162.07566 [M+H]+ O-Acetyl-L-homoserine C6H11NO4 C01077 3 1.0759 0.0402448 0.5791 Up
55 207.90 177.04056 [M]- N-Formyl-L-methionine C6H11NO3S C03145 3 45 0.0456168 1.6241 Down
56 257.22 161.04418 [M+H]+ Oxoadipic acid C6H8O5 C00322 8, 13 1.0535 0.0451565 0.4988 Up
57 Carbohydrate 76.28 146.02944 [M]+ Oxoglutaric acid C5H6O5 C00026 6, 33, 35, 47, 50 1.9426 4.812E-06 2.6342 Down
58 84.08 117.01783 [M-H]- Succinic acid C4H6O4 C00042 1, 6, 11, 14 1.9358 1.199E-05 1.8537 Down
59 76.45 151.03491 [M+H]+ D-Ribose C5H10O5 C00121 10, 22, 32 1.8615 2.339E-05 2.4030 Down
60 87.23 105.01774 [M-H]- Glyceric acid C3H6O4 C00258 32 1.7429 0.0002301 1.8800 Down
61 687.24 139.9865 [M]+ Acetylphosphate C2H5O5P C00227 14, 50 1.7397 0.0001532 3.6373 Down
62 84.16 259.02215 [M-H]- Fructose 6-phosphate C6H13O9P C00085 45, 48 1.7231 0.000294 1.7743 Down
63 847.75 165.0766 [M+H]+ L-Fucose C6H12O5 C00507 24 1.5687 0.0011267 0.8916 Up
64 580.84 181.0493 [M+H]+ D-Fructose C6H12O6 C00095 24, 45, 48 1.5002 0.0021661 0.4046 Up
65 86.07 324.09389 [M-H]- N-Glycolylneuraminic acid C11H19NO10 C03410 51 1.4693 0.0036356 1.3034 Down
66 420.15 177.05451 [M+H]+ 2-Hydroxy-3-oxoadipate C6H8O6 C03217 32 1.4467 0.0034521 1.5977 Down
67 82.99 115.00212 [M-H]- Maleic acid C4H4O4 C01384 11, 23, 51 1.4185 0.0054211 1.3706 Down
68 85.78 194.03817 [M]- D-Glucuronic Acid C6H10O7 C00191 52 1.3863 0.0068905 0.4635 Up
69 97.55 181.07057 [M-H]- Galactitol C6H14O6 C01697 48 1.3828 0.0070679 1.6941 Down
70 84.58 289.03361 [M-H]- Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate C7H15O10P C05382 10 1.3491 0.0089739 2.0111 Down
71 398.36 183.10128 [M+H]+ Mannitol C6H14O6 C00392 24 1.3477 0.0074953 0.4008 Up
72 131.53 89.02275 [M-H]- L-Lactic acid C3H6O3 C00186 14, 18, 24 1.3014 0.0123705 0.4545 Up
73 447.22 102.09117 [M]+ Succinic acid semialdehyde C4H6O3 C00232 1, 11, 17, 23 1.2481 0.0148418 1.6362 Down
74 416.39 164.07022 [M]+ L-Rhamnofuranose C6H12O5 C02431 24 1.2473 0.0149114 1.6877 Down
75 153.00 179.04493 [M+H]+ Gluconolactone C6H10O6 C00198 10 1.1577 0.0257119 0.5064 Up
76 76.89 102.97047 [M+H]+ 2-Ketobutyric acid C4H6O3 C00109 3, 18, 22, 26 1.1473 0.0272784 2.6591 Down
77 44.62 116.10698 [M]+ Fumaric acid C4H4O4 C00122 11, 14, 23, 39, 47 1.1402 0.0283987 0.6892 Up
78 754.41 343.29421 [M+H]+ Sucrose C12H22O11 C00089 45, 48 1.0393 0.0485209 1.5138 Down
79 Cofactors and Vitamins 299.22 168.06561 [M-H]- Pyridoxine C8H11NO3 C00314 17 1.8292 7.101E-05 13.4700 Down
80 397.19 191.02002 [M-H]- 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate C6H8O7 C03921 49 1.6865 0.0004511 0.2047 Up
81 328.20 183.05099 [M]+ 4-Pyridoxic acid C8H9NO4 C00847 17 1.6697 0.0003729 0.4373 Up
82 83.71 209.02964 [M-H]- Galactaric acid C6H10O8 C00879 49 1.4517 0.0041889 1.5491 Down
83 746.26 583.25244 [M+H]+ Biliverdin C33H34N4O6 C00500 36 1.3440 0.0077015 0.3850 Up
84 208.94 240.10835 [M+H]+ Dihydrobiopterin C9H13N5O3 C02953 37 1.2961 0.0107908 0.5629 Up
85 90.24 189.15935 [M+H]+ 7,8-Diaminononanoate C9H20N2O2 C01037 41 1.2250 0.0171781 0.3611 Up
86 371.12 220.11757 [M+H]+ Pantothenic acid C9H17NO5 C00864 20, 30 1.1355 0.0291618 0.7327 Up
87 405.28 413.13859 [M]+ 6-Amino-6-deoxyfutalosine C19H19N5O6 C20773 21 1.1222 0.0313913 0.4525 Up
88 Energy 723.67 251.12682 [M+H]+ Ubiquinone-1 C14H18O4 C00399 39 1.2849 0.0116498 0.2111 Up
89 Lipid 813.99 335.22378 [M-H]- Hepoxilin B3 C20H32O4 C14810 12 2.0555 8.292E-07 6.1510 Down
90 606.61 465.30538 [M]- Glycocholic acid C26H43NO6 C01921 46 1.9985 3.318E-06 14.3250 Down
91 833.89 317.2122 [M-H]- 5-KETE C20H30O3 C14732 12 1.8617 4.318E-05 5.2469 Down
92 93.66 102.95519 [M-H]- Malonate C3H4O4 C00383 16, 30, 44 1.8564 4.696E-05 0.7676 Up
93 606.94 335.2211 [M+H]+ 12-Keto-leukotriene B4 C20H30O4 C05949 12 1.8505 2.832E-05 4.7623 Down
94 85.48 171.00529 [M-H]- Glycerophosphoric acid C3H9O6P C00093 27, 42 1.7947 0.0001164 0.5785 Up
95 818.82 378.2431 [M-H]- Sphingosine 1-phosphate C18H38NO5P C06124 27 1.7132 0.0003308 1.5492 Down
96 34.39 148.97762 [M+H]+ L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid C5H8O5 C03196 35 1.7110 0.0002237 0.9318 Up
97 732.19 313.23964 [M-H]- 9,10-DHOA C18H34O4 C14828 34 1.6171 0.0009503 1.8629 Down
98 787.12 279.23352 [M-H]- Rumenic acid C18H32O2 C04056 34 1.5916 0.0012235 0.5072 Up
99 830.10 382.27236 [M+H]+ Sphinganine 1-phosphate C18H40NO5P C01120 27 1.5260 0.0017061 1.5645 Down
100 557.52 369.22838 [M-H]- Thromboxane B2 C20H34O6 C05963 12 1.4837 0.0032286 2.5713 Down
101 815.19 387.19463 [M+H]+ Cholesterol C27H46O C00187 31, 38, 46 1.4589 0.003114 0.7189 Up
102 858.53 317.21005 [M+H-H2O]+ Delta-12-Prostaglandin J2 C20H30O4 C05958 12 1.4140 0.0045121 0.0882 Up
103 753.98 295.22596 [M+H-H2O]+ 13(S)-HPOD C18H32O4 C04717 34 1.3934 0.0053104 0.9383 Up
104 675.90 369.22353 [M+H]+ 11-Dehydro-thromboxane B2 C20H32O6 C05964 12 1.3150 0.0094714 1.2263 Down
105 622.55 363.21553 [M+H]+ 18-Hydroxycorticosterone C21H30O5 C01124 38 1.2890 0.0113286 0.1270 Up
106 723.59 371.25644 [M+H]+ 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1a C20H34O6 C05961 12 1.2567 0.0140377 0.1709 Up
107 70.81 88.076036 [M]+ Butyric acid C4H8O2 C00246 11 1.2438 0.0152528 1.4739 Down
108 464.75 445.18972 [M-H]- Estrone glucuronide C24H30O8 C11133 38 1.2126 0.0214229 0.3373 Up
109 101.65 146.11687 [M+H]+ Acetylcholine C7H16NO2 C01996 42 1.1982 0.0202529 0.6468 Up
110 833.84 279.23355 [M-H]- Linoleic acid C18H32O2 C01595 34 1.1799 0.0258432 0.5599 Up
111 828.90 295.22808 [M-H]- 9(10)-EpOME C18H32O3 C14825 34 1.1503 0.0304467 1.4408 Down
112 857.49 221.18957 [M+H]+ 2-trans,6-trans-Farnesal C15H24O C03461 19 1.1469 0.0273532 0.7329 Up
113 670.16 448.30825 [M-H]- Glycochenodeoxycholic acid C26H43NO5 C05466 46 1.0824 0.0434284 7.9206 Down
114 421.39 283.17422 [M+H]+ Oleic acid C18H34O2 C00712 44 1.0479 0.0464643 0.8811 Up
115 Nucleotide 107.58 283.06836 [M-H]- Xanthosine C10H12N4O6 C01762 2 2.1222 1.121E-07 6.4458 Down
116 331.25 153.04041 [M+H]+ Xanthine C5H4N4O2 C00385 2 2.0620 2.084E-07 5.9132 Down
117 214.95 243.06182 [M-H]- Uridine C9H12N2O6 C00299 16 1.9477 9.548E-06 3.3624 Down
118 288.21 268.10346 [M+H]+ Adenosine C10H13N5O4 C00212 2 1.6969 0.0002674 2.0077 Down
119 153.21 228.09663 [M+H]+ Deoxycytidine C9H13N3O4 C00881 16 1.6858 0.0003071 0.7351 Up
120 106.59 112.05117 [M+H]+ Cytosine C4H5N3O C00380 16 1.4547 0.0032268 0.8241 Up
121 320.66 134.04521 [M-H]- Adenine C5H5N5 C00147 2 1.4489 0.0042826 2.8024 Down
122 294.35 115.03875 [M+H]+ Dihydrouracil C4H6N2O2 C00429 16, 20, 30 1.4191 0.0043329 0.4377 Up
123 182.23 135.0284 [M-H]- Hypoxanthine C5H4N4O C00262 2 1.3132 0.0114433 0.2934 Up
124 77.05 125.98603 [M]+ Thymine C5H6N2O2 C00178 16 1.2065 0.0192534 2.5736 Down
125 106.34 244.09162 [M+H]+ Cytidine C9H13N3O5 C00475 16 1.1554 0.0260572 1.4451 Down
126 157.06 243.0618 [M-H]- Pseudouridine C9H12N2O6 C02067 16 1.0540 0.0499762 0.6966 Up
127 Peptide 831.64 250.11792 [M]+ Gamma-Glutamylcysteine C8H14N2O5S C00669 4 1.2754 0.0124114 1.4233 Down

Notes: Pathway name: 1 alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; 2 purine metabolism; 3 cysteine and methionine metabolism; 4 glutathione metabolism; 5 phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; 6 citrate cycle (TCA cycle); 7 arginine and proline metabolism; 8 lysine biosynthesis; 9 phenylalanine metabolism; 10 pentose phosphate pathway; 11 butanoate metabolism; 12 arachidonic acid metabolism; 13 tryptophan metabolism; 14 pyruvate metabolism; 15 hydroxy fatty acids; 16 pyrimidine metabolism; 17 vitamin B6 metabolism; 18 propanoate metabolism; 19 terpenoid backbone biosynthesis; 20 pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis; 21 ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis; 22 glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; 23 tyrosine metabolism; 24 fructose and mannose metabolism; 25 saturated fatty acids; 26 valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; 27 sphingoLipid; 28 histidine metabolism; 29 D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism; 30 beta-alanine metabolism; 31 steroid biosynthesis; 32 glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; 33 D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism; 34 linoleic acid metabolism; 35 lysine degradation; 36 porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; 37 folate biosynthesis; 38 steroid hormone biosynthesis; 39 oxidative phosphorylation; 40 gamma-glutamyl amino acid; 41 biotin metabolism; 42 glycerophosphoLipid; 43 valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; 44 fatty acid biosynthesis; 45 starch and sucrose metabolism; 46 primary bile acid biosynthesis; 47 arginine biosynthesis; 48 galactose metabolism; 49 ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; 50 taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; 51 amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; 52 pentose and glucuronate interconversions; 53 primary bile acid biosynthesis.