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. 2021 Apr 19;53(5):742–751. doi: 10.1038/s41588-021-00836-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Mutations of wnt9b in RFP compared with outgroups. The diagram of protein structure is shown on the top of the graph, and the site that showed variation is marked with a dashed box. b, SCNEs nearby the rere gene. The x axis represents the nucleotide sequence sites across rere; the y axis represents sequence similarity scores. The blue and brown columns represent the average sequence similarity score within RFP and outgroups for each site, respectively; the red lines represent the physical locations of the SCNEs across the gene. c, Metamorphic process of flounder. Images of flatfish in premetamorphic stage, prometamorphic stage, metamorphic climax stage and postmetamorphic stage are shown. d, Left–right asymmetrical expression of genes in eye, skin and muscle tissues of metamorphic larvae of flounder. The numbers 1–4 on the x axis represent the four metamorphic stages of flounder. L and R on the x axis represent tissues on the left side and right side of the larva, respectively. e, Number of the specifically highly expressed genes during metamorphosis of flounder. The right diagram represents the biological processes in which these genes were involved. The rhombus symbols mark the stages during which the number of the genes began to show greatest expression changes. f, Hypothetical signaling pathway that may correlate to the body plan asymmetry in flatfishes. Proteins marked blue are those encoded by genes that experienced genetic alteration in RFP. Genes marked blue and italicized are regulating targets of these proteins and also exhibited abnormal expression (left–right asymmetry) during metamorphosis in RFP.