Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects in the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging (TSHA) cohort
| All | Non-frail | Frail | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 439 | 355 | 84 | |
| Age | 75.9 ± 6.6 | 74.3 ± 5.7 | 82.7 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 189 (43.05) | 159 (44.79) | 30 (35.71) | 0.165 |
| Hypertension | 282 (64.53) | 222 (62.54) | 60 (73.17) | 0.091 |
| Diabetes | 102 (23.23) | 78 (21.97) | 24 (28.57) | 0.252 |
| CVD | 51(11.62) | 34 (9.58) | 17 (20.24) | 0.011 |
| CeVD | 20 (4.57) | 15 (4.24) | 5 (5.95) | 0.699 |
| Education level higher than basic school | 64 (14.58) | 58 (16.34) | 6 (7.14) | 0.047 |
| Frailty criteria (FP) | ||||
| Low physical activity | 112 (25.51) | 33 (9.30) | 79 (94.05) | < 0.001 |
| Weakness | 90 (20.50) | 30 (8.45) | 60 (71.43) | < 0.001 |
| Weight loss | 41 (9.47) | 25 (7.08) | 16 (20.00) | < 0.001 |
| Slowness | 59 (15.13) | 22 (6.41) | 37 (78.72) | < 0.001 |
| Exhaustion | 113 (25.80) | 41 (11.55) | 72 (86.75) | < 0.001 |
| Disability | 64 (14.65) | 11 (3.12) | 53 (63.10) | < 0.001 |
| Telomere length (kb) | 10.24 ± 2.92 | 10.26 ± 2.89 | 10.16 ± 3.02 | 0.813 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or as number (%). CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FP, frailty phenotype; kb, kilobases