Table 2.

Brain GABA homeostasis in depression.

S. No.	Diagnosis/model	Brain region	Species	Technique	Quality index	GABA	NAA	References
1.	MDD	vmPFC	Human (H 63, D 31)	PRESS, 3T	CRLB < 30%	↑	–	Draganov et al. (107)
2.	MDD	Striatum	Human (H 16, D 20)	J-edited MEGAPRESS, 3T	–	↑	–	Bradley et al. (137)
		ACC				↓	–
3.	CUMS	HPC	Rat (H 12, D 12)	PRESS, 9.4T	CRLB < 10%	↑	NS	Sekar et al. (138)
4.	MDD	ACC	Human (H 36, D 44)	J-edited, 3T	–	↓	–	Gabbay et al. (139)
5.	MDD	ACC	Human (H 26, D 33)	J-edited, 3T	–	↓	–	Abdallah et al. (140)
6.	MDD	ACC	Humans (H 21, D 20)	J-edited, 3T	–	↓	–	Gabbay et al. (141)
7.	CMS	PFC and HPC	Rat (H 10, D 10)	PRESS, 7T	CRLB < 20%	↓	↓	Hemanth Kumar et al. (118)
8.	MDD	ACC and OCC	Humans (H 24, D 33)	J-edited, 3T	–	↓	–	Price et al. (142)
9.	MDD	pgACC	Humans (H 24, D 19)	2D-JPRESS, 3T	CRLB < 20%	NS	NS	Walter et al. (143)
10.	MDD-R	OCC and ACC	Humans (H 11, D 12)	MEGA-PRESS, 3T	CRLB < 20%	↓	NS	Bhagwagar et al. (144)
11.	MDD	dm/da PFC	Humans (H 20, D 20)	PRESS based J editing, 3T	–	↓	NS	Hasler et al. (71)
12.	PPD	OCC	Humans (H 14, D 9)	J-editing, 2.1T	–	↓	–	Epperson et al. (145)
13.	MDD	OCC	Humans (H 38, D 33)	J-editing, 2.1T	–	↓	–	Sanacora et al. (72)
14.	MDD	OCC	Humans (H 18, D 14)	J-editing, 2.1T	–	↓	–	Sanacora et al. (75)

ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; CMS, chronic mild stress; CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; CRLB, Cramer–Rao lower bound; dm/daPFC, dorsomedial/dorsal anterolateral PFC; HPC, hippocampus; MDD, major depressive disorder; MDD-R, recovered depression; MEGA-PRESS, Meshcher–Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy; NS, no significant change; OCC, occipital cortex; pgACC, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PPD, postpartum depression; PRESS, point-resolved spectroscopy; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal region; ↓ depicts decrease, ↑ represents increase. The numbers in the parenthesis under species represent the number of healthy (H) and depressed (D) subject.