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. 2021 May 10;4:541. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02072-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Total copy numbers of the LT-SBP genes in faecal samples were determined by real-time PCR and compared before and after lactulose ingestion (two-tailed paired t-test). b Scatter plot of the individual samples based on the fold change in total copy number of the LT-SBPs and faecal Bifidobacterium cell number after lactulose ingestion (Pearson correlation coefficient). c Varied response to lactulose ingestion among the subjects is associated with the faecal copy number of LT-SBP genes before the trial. #p refers to <0.1, ***p < 0.001, Tukey’s test. The box plots feature the median (centre line), upper and lower quartiles (box limits), 1.5× the interquartile range (whiskers), and outliers (points). d Scatter plot of individual samples based on the faecal copy number of LT-SBP genes before lactulose ingestion and the fold change in faecal Bifidobacterium cell number after lactulose ingestion. Red dots indicate subjects with a more than fivefold increase of Bifidobacterium after lactulose ingestion.