Table 1.
Therapeutic effects of allicin on GI cancers.
| Type of allicin | Type of cancer | Dose (s) | Effects | Model | Cell line | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allicin | Colon | 3 and 6 μg/ml | Down-regulated the mRNA expression level of VEGF, uPAR, and HPA | In vitro | LoVo | (115) |
| Allicin | Colon | 4 and 8 mg/L | Showed Antiproliferation properties and enhanced the cytotoxicity of CPT-11 | In vitro | LoVo | (116) |
| Allicin | Colon | 1–50 μg/ml for 24, 48, and 72 h | Through modulating Nrf2, Induced apoptosis and increased the expression of Bcl-2 and release of cytochrome c | In vitro | LS174T, HT-29, Caco-2, and HCT-116 | (23) |
| Allicin | Colon | 10–25 μM | Inhibited tumor cell growth | In vitro | HT-29 | (53) |
| Allicin | Colorectal | Mice model: 48 mg/kg to achieve 5 g/day; HCT-116 cells: 25 μM for 24 h | Prevents tumorigenesis via inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway activation | In vivo and in vitro | HCT-116 | (100) |
| Garlic juice and synthetic allicin | Colon | Up to 1.2 mM | Decreased cell proliferation and viability | In vitro | HT29 | (101) |
| Allicin | Colon | 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 μg/ml | Promoted the effects of 5-FU and oxaliplatin against cancer cells | In vitro | Caco-2 and HT-29 | (114) |
| Garlic extract supplemented with garlic powder | Colon | 30, 100, 300, and 100 μg/ml | Showed a dose-dependent manner of tumor cell growth inhibition | In vitro | Caco-2 | (91) |
| Allicin | Pancreatic | 10 mg/kg | Increased CD4+T, CD8+T, NK cell, and serum IFN-γ | In vivo | – | (117) |
| In situ generated allicin | Pancreatic | Alliin (20–200 μM) | Increased caspase-3 and p21 expression, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest | In vitro | MIA PaCa-2 | (103) |
| Allicin and MT100 | Pancreatic | 20, 50, and 200 μM | Cancer cells showed lower chemoresistance to allicin and MT100 | In vitro | AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-1, Panc-1, and KPC | (118) |
| Allicin | Gastric | 15–120 μg/ml for 72 h | Promoted release of cytochrome c, expression of 3, −8, and −9 and activation Bax and fas | In vitro | SGC-7901 | (106) |
| Allicin | Gastric | 0.1, 0.05, and 0.016 mg/ml | stimulated apoptosis and suppressed telomerase activity | In vitro | SGC-7901 | (119) |
| Allicin | Gastric | 3, 6, and 12 mg/L | Inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis | In vitro | SGC-7901 | (120) |
| Allicin | Gastric | 3, 6, 9, and 12 μg/ml | Induced cell cycle arrest and up-regulated p21WAF1 and p16INK4 genes | In vitro | MGC-803 and SGC-7901 | (121) |
| Allicin | Gastric | 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml | Via modulating cleaved caspase-3 and p38, enhanced apoptosis | In vitro | BGC-823, MGC-803, and SGC-7901 | (122) |
| Allicin | Gastric | NA | Increased Bax and Fas expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression level | Human | (123) | |
| Ajoene analogs | Esophageal | 10 μM for 16 h | Inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and caspase-3 activation | In vitro | WHCO1 | (124) |
| Allicin | Hepatocellular | 5 mg/kg/day, every 2 days for 3 weeks in vivo; 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, and 64 μg/mL for SK-Hep-1; 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μ μg/mL for BEL-7402 | Promoted caspase-3 and PARP, and down-regulated Bcl-2 | In vivo and in vitro | SK-Hep-1 and BEL-7402 | (125) |
| Allicin | Hepatocellular | 0, 15, 20, 25, 35, 40, and 50 μM | Decreased MMP and Bcl-2, and increased Bax, AIF, Endo G, caspase-3,−8, and−9 | In vitro | Hep 3Band Hep G2 | (126) |
| Allicin (synthesized) | Hepatocellular | 35 μM for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h | Induced p53-mediated autophagy, decreased p53, the PI3K/mTOR signaling, and Bcl-2. Increased the expression of AMPK/TSC2 and Beclin-1 | In vitro | Hep G2 | (79) |
| Hepatic-targeted polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of diallyl trisulfide | Hepatocellular | NA | Decreased PCNA and Bcl-2 proteins | In vivo and in vitro | HepG2 | (127) |