Table 4.
Association between the changes in step count and the changes in cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers among 4622 users not taking any drugs for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitusa,b
| Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P valuec | |
| Weight (kg) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1d | — | –0.45 | –0.38 | –0.49 | –0.79 | <.001 |
|
|
Model 2e | — | –0.45 | –0.26 | –0.46 | –0.75 | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Model 1 | — | –0.49 | –0.29 | –0.20 | –0.79 | .26 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | –1.23 | –1.06 | 0.01 | –0.98 | .51 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Model 1 | — | –0.25 | –0.22 | 0.02 | –0.82 | .10 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | –0.46 | –0.67 | 0.12 | –0.64 | .48 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Model 1 | — | –0.98 | –2.53 | –2.05 | –2.72 | .005 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | –0.10 | –1.55 | –1.29 | –2.25 | .06 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Model 1 | — | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.87 | 1.66 | <.001 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 1.84 | .002 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Model 1 | — | –7.44 | 0.07 | –4.78 | –7.11 | .10 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | –6.43 | 6.97 | –2.82 | –6.64 | .30 |
| HbA1cf (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Model 1 | — | –0.01 | 0.00 | –0.02 | –0.03 | .008 |
|
|
Model 2 | — | –0.02 | 0.00 | –0.02 | –0.02 | .26 |
aA total of 4622 users taking no drugs for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus are divided into 5 groups according to the quintile of the change in the daily step count following kencom registration.
bValues are the mean changes compared with quintile 1.
cValues are for the linear trend.
dModel 1 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and alcohol drinking.
eModel 2 was further adjusted for the intention to improve lifestyle (“not interested,” “considering,” and “working on”).
fHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c