Table 2.
Serum concentrations of persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals among mothers of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) during pregnancy by age at menarche of their daughters (N = 448 mother-daughter dyads).
| Menarche <11.5 years Cases | Menarche >11.5 years Controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Median | Q3 | % <LODa | Q1 | Median | Q3 | % <LODa | |
| Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (ng/mL) | ||||||||
| PFOA | 2.9 | 3.85 | 5.0 | 0.0% | 2.7 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 0.0% |
| PFOS | 15.4 | 19.5 | 24.8 | 0.0% | 14.6 | 20.0 | 24.9 | 0.0% |
| PFHxS | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 0.0% | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 0.4% |
| PFNA | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 0.5% | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.0% |
| FOSA | <LOD | 0.1 | 0.3 | 29.8% | <LOD | 0.2 | 0.3 | 31.3% |
| MeFOSAA | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 17.9% | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.70 | 11.3% |
| EtFOSAA | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2.8% | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.2% |
| PFDA | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 97.7% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 97.0% |
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (ng/g lipid) | ||||||||
| PCB28 | 3.6 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 7.8% | 3.5 | 5.2 | 8.1 | 9.6% |
| PCB44 | <LOD | 1.8 | 4.0 | 29.8% | <LOD | 2.0 | 3.9 | 30.9% |
| PCB49 | <LOD | <LOD | 1.8 | 60.6% | <LOD | <LOD | 1.9 | 56.1% |
| PCB52 | <LOD | 3.1 | 7.7 | 30.3% | <LOD | 3.4 | 7.2 | 30.0% |
| PCB66 | <LOD | 1.6 | 2.6 | 29.4% | <LOD | 1.6 | 2.5 | 31.3% |
| PCB74 | 8.4 | 11.1 | 15.1 | 0.5% | 8.6 | 11.1 | 15.2 | 0.0% |
| PCB87 | <LOD | <LOD | 1.5 | 60.6% | <LOD | <LOD | 1.8 | 58.7% |
| PCB99 | 6.6 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 0.9% | 7.2 | 9.3 | 12.2 | 0.9% |
| PCB101 | <LOD | 2.2 | 5.1 | 33.0% | <LOD | 2.2 | 5.9 | 27.8% |
| PCB105 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 6.4% | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 8.3% |
| PCB110 | <LOD | <LOD | 2.3 | 54.1% | <LOD | <LOD | 2.9 | 53.0% |
| PCB118 | 10.7 | 15.2 | 20.7 | 0.0% | 10.9 | 14.8 | 20.4 | 0.0% |
| PCB128 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 87.2% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 91.7% |
| PCB138b | 30.2 | 40.5 | 52.5 | 0.5% | 30.9 | 43.5 | 54.3 | 0.0% |
| PCB146 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 2.8% | 4.6 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 2.2% |
| PCB149 | <LOD | <LOD | 1.7 | 63.8% | <LOD | <LOD | 2.0 | 58.3% |
| PCB151 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 80.3% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 78.7% |
| PCB153 | 48.1 | 62.1 | 85.5 | 0.0% | 48.7 | 68.2 | 86.0 | 0.0% |
| PCB156 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 1.4% | 5.0 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 2.2% |
| PCB157 | <LOD | 1.3 | 1.8 | 34.4% | <LOD | 1.4 | 2.0 | 33.5% |
| PCB167 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 24.8% | <LOD | 2.1 | 2.8 | 27.4% |
| PCB170 | 14.0 | 18.1 | 24.6 | 0.0% | 14.7 | 19.8 | 25.8 | 0.0% |
| PCB172 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 21.6% | <LOD | 2.0 | 2.7 | 24.4% |
| PCB177 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 8.7% | 2.4 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 9.1% |
| PCB178 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 15.6% | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 13.0% |
| PCB180 | 31.6 | 44.0 | 59.3 | 0.0% | 36.0 | 47.1 | 61.8 | 0.0% |
| PCB183 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 2.3% | 4.7 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 4.4% |
| PCB187 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 15.8 | 0.9% | 9.0 | 11.5 | 14.9 | 1.3% |
| PCB189 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 79.4% | <LOD | <LOD | 1.0 | 69.6% |
| PCB194 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 3.7% | 5.7 | 7.8 | 10.8 | 3.0% |
| PCB195 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 20.6% | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 17.4% |
| PCB196b | 5.3 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 2.3% | 6.0 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 1.7% |
| PCB199 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 7.5 | 2.8% | 4.2 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 2.6% |
| PCB206 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 10.6% | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 10.0% |
| PCB209 | <LOD | 1.4 | 1.9 | 30.7% | <LOD | 1.6 | 2.1 | 24.8% |
| Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (ng/g lipid) | ||||||||
| HCB | 37.4 | 50.7 | 63.7 | 0.0% | 38.3 | 50.0 | 63.4 | 0.0% |
| ß-HCH | 33.5 | 45.3 | 59.9 | 1.8% | 37.3 | 47.5 | 63.2 | 1.7% |
| g-HCH | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 80.7% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 77.4% |
| Oxychlordane | <LOD | <LOD | 3.5 | 74.3% | <LOD | <LOD | 4.6 | 69.6% |
| Trans-nonachlor | <LOD | <LOD | 4.7 | 66.5% | <LOD | <LOD | 4.6 | 67.4% |
| p,p‘-DDE | 184 | 314 | 522 | 0.5% | 200 | 310 | 484 | 0.0% |
| o,p‘-DDT | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 98.6% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 98.3% |
| p,p‘-DDT | 7.4 | 11.3 | 16.5 | 10.6% | 8.0 | 10.5 | 16.1 | 12.2% |
| Mirex | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 100.0% | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 98.7% |
Abbreviations: Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3; LOD, limit of detection; ng/mL, nanogram per milliliter; ng/g lipid, nanogram per gram lipid.
The LODs for PFAS were 0.082 ng/mL for PFNA, 0.10 ng/mL for PFOA, PFHxS, and FOSA, 0.174 ng/mL for MeFOSAA, and 0.20 ng/mL for PFOS, EtFOSAA, and PFDA. LODs of OCPs and PCBs are dependent on the sample size and blanks, thus, an individual LOD is reported for each individual result rather than an overall LOD.
PCB congeners 138 and 158 could not be separated and were quantified as a summed concentration hereafter referred to as PCB138. Similarly, PCB congeners 196 and 203 could not be separated and were quantified as a summed concentration hereafter referred to as PCB196.