Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Individuals With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (Case-Control Study)
| Cases (n = 83,224) | Controls (n = 332,799) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 36 (21–53) | 36 (21–53) | .85 |
| Sex (male), N (%) | 41,501 (49.9) | 165,946 (49.9) | .99 |
| Exposure to proton pump inhibitors, N (%) | |||
| Non-use | 59,413 (71.4) | 241,536 (72.6) | <.001 |
| Current use | 4473 (5.4) | 17,553 (5.3) | .25 |
| Former use | 19,338 (23.2) | 73,710 (22.1) | <.001 |
| No. of prior admissions, N (%)a | |||
| 0 | 66,144 (79.5) | 267,533 (80.4) | <.001 |
| 1 | 10,497 (12.6) | 40,240 (12.1) | <.001 |
| 2 | 3235 (3.9) | 12,234 (3.7) | .004 |
| 3+ | 3348 (4.0) | 12,792 (3.8) | .02 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, N (%) | |||
| 0 | 74,797 (89.9) | 299,207 (89.9) | .79 |
| 1–2 | 7099 (8.5) | 28,225 (8.5) | .65 |
| 3+ | 1328 (1.6) | 5367 (1.6) | .73 |
| Diagnoses, N (%)b | |||
| Peptic ulcer | 400 (0.5) | 1639 (0.5) | .68 |
| Asthma | 2574 (3.1) | 9726 (2.9) | .010 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 957 (1.1) | 4775 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 71 (0.1) | 445 (0.1) | <.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 4020 (4.8) | 15,537 (4.7) | .05 |
| Diabetes | 2452 (2.9) | 8308 (2.5) | <.001 |
| Renal failure | 769 (0.9) | 2905 (0.9) | .16 |
| Heart failure | 773 (0.9) | 2943 (0.9) | .22 |
| Stroke | 1241 (1.5) | 5272 (1.6) | .05 |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | 785 (0.9) | 5156 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Smoking-related diagnoses | 581 (0.7) | 3801 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Major psychiatric disorders | 305 (0.4) | 1977 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Medication, N (%)c | |||
| Systemic corticosteroids | 738 (0.9) | 3428 (1.0) | <.001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 2674 (3.2) | 11,086 (3.3) | .09 |
| Bronchodilators | 1657 (2.0) | 7638 (2.3) | <.001 |
| H2-receptor antagonists | — | — | <.001 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 3650 (4.4) | 14,984 (4.5) | .15 |
| Anticholinergic agents | 325 (0.4) | 1631 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Immunosuppressants | 210 (0.3) | 936 (0.3) | .16 |
| Antipsychotic agents | 859 (1.0) | 4919 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Antibiotics | 6546 (7.9) | 24,494 (7.4) | <.001 |
| Alcohol abstinence treatment | 62 (0.1) | 480 (0.1) | <.001 |
| Smoking cessation treatment | 70 (0.1) | 528 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure lowering drugs | 8353 (10.0) | 35,053 (10.5) | <.001 |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 5011 (6.0) | 19,929 (6.0) | .72 |
| Glucose lowering drugs | 3090 (3.7) | 10,356 (3.1) | <.001 |
| Antiplatelets | 2447 (2.9) | 10,450 (3.1) | .003 |
| Anticoagulants | 1526 (1.8) | 6163 (1.9) | .74 |
IQR, interquartile range.
a
During the past 3 years.
b
Diagnoses within 10 years before inclusion.
c
Use within 90 days before inclusion.