Table 2.
Characteristics of Individuals Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 According to Current or Never Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Before and After Propensity Score Matching (Cohort Study)
| Use of proton pump inhibitors |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmatched |
Matched |
|||||
| Current (n = 4473) | Never (n = 59,413) | Standardized mean difference | Current (n = 3955) | Never (n = 3955) | Standardized mean difference | |
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 60 (48–73) | 29 (18–47) | 1.42 | 58 (46–71) | 59 (47–73) | 0.07 |
| Sex (male) | 1989 (44.5) | 31,224 (52.6) | 0.16 | 1770 (44.8) | 1758 (44.5) | 0.01 |
| No. of prior admissions, N (%)a | ||||||
| 0 | 2416 (54.0) | 50,230 (84.5) | 0.70 | 2353 (59.5) | 2568 (64.9) | 0.11 |
| 1 | 781 (17.5) | 6466 (10.9) | 0.19 | 710 (18.0) | 695 (17.6) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 425 (9.5) | 1596 (2.7) | 0.29 | 375 (9.5) | 274 (6.9) | 0.09 |
| 3+ | 851 (19.0) | 1121 (1.9) | 0.58 | 517 (13.1) | 418 (10.6) | 0.08 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, N (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 2980 (66.6) | 55,696 (93.7) | 0.72 | 2846 (72.0) | 2920 (73.8) | 0.04 |
| 1–2 | 1077 (24.1) | 3328 (5.6) | 0.54 | 871 (22.0) | 814 (20.6) | 0.04 |
| 3+ | 416 (9.3) | 389 (0.7) | 0.41 | 238 (6.0) | 221 (5.6) | 0.02 |
| Diagnoses, N (%)b | ||||||
| Peptic ulcer | 147 (3.3) | 16 (0.0) | 0.26 | 22 (0.6) | 16 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| Asthma | 329 (7.4) | 1378 (2.3) | 0.24 | 222 (5.6) | 203 (5.1) | 0.02 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 287 (6.4) | 289 (0.5) | 0.33 | 170 (4.3) | 143 (3.6) | 0.04 |
| Cirrhosis | 31 (0.7) | 10 (0.0) | 0.11 | 12 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 623 (13.9) | 699 (1.2) | 0.50 | 404 (10.2) | 393 (9.9) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 564 (12.6) | 891 (1.5) | 0.44 | 378 (9.6) | 353 (8.9) | 0.02 |
| Renal failure | 231 (5.2) | 222 (0.4) | 0.30 | 118 (3.0) | 107 (2.7) | 0.02 |
| Heart failure | 209 (4.7) | 247 (0.4) | 0.27 | 134 (3.4) | 125 (3.2) | 0.01 |
| Stroke | 296 (6.6) | 463 (0.8) | 0.31 | 210 (5.3) | 200 (5.1) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | 118 (2.6) | 410 (0.7) | 0.15 | 79 (2.0) | 77 (1.9) | 0.00 |
| Smoking-related diagnoses | 85 (1.9) | 218 (0.4) | 0.15 | 57 (1.4) | 58 (1.5) | 0.00 |
| Major psychiatric disorders | 50 (1.1) | 140 (0.2) | 0.11 | 32 (0.8) | 34 (0.9) | 0.01 |
| Medication, N (%)c | ||||||
| Systemic corticosteroids | 235 (5.3) | 237 (0.4) | 0.30 | 147 (3.7) | 120 (3.0) | 0.04 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 513 (11.5) | 1276 (2.1) | 0.38 | 354 (9.0) | 333 (8.4) | 0.02 |
| Bronchodilators | 322 (7.2) | 775 (1.3) | 0.30 | 226 (5.7) | 201 (5.1) | 0.03 |
| H2-receptor antagonists | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 691 (15.4) | 1707 (2.9) | 0.45 | 565 (14.3) | 582 (14.7) | 0.01 |
| Anticholinergic agents | 92 (2.1) | 96 (0.2) | 0.18 | 62 (1.6) | 49 (1.2) | 0.03 |
| Immunosuppressants | 36 (0.8) | 94 (0.2) | 0.09 | 30 (0.8) | 24 (0.6) | 0.02 |
| Antipsychotic agents | 195 (4.4) | 357 (0.6) | 0.24 | 137 (3.5) | 134 (3.4) | 0.00 |
| Antibiotics | 971 (21.7) | 3487 (5.9) | 0.47 | 705 (17.8) | 713 (18.0) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol abstinence treatment | 15 (0.3) | 25 (0.0) | 0.07 | 10 (0.3) | 12 (0.3) | 0.01 |
| Smoking cessation treatment | 20 (0.4) | 30 (0.1) | 0.08 | 10 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Blood pressure lowering drugs | 1737 (38.8) | 3598 (6.1) | 0.85 | 1401 (35.4) | 1438 (36.4) | 0.02 |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 1093 (24.4) | 1987 (3.3) | 0.64 | 875 (22.1) | 903 (22.8) | 0.02 |
| Glucose lowering drugs | 635 (14.2) | 1245 (2.1) | 0.45 | 473 (12.0) | 466 (11.8) | 0.01 |
| Antiplatelets | 597 (13.3) | 902 (1.5) | 0.46 | 446 (11.3) | 442 (11.2) | 0.00 |
| Anticoagulants | 368 (8.2) | 588 (1.0) | 0.35 | 272 (6.9) | 259 (6.5) | 0.01 |
IQR, interquartile range.
a
During the past 3 years.
b
Diagnoses within 10 years before inclusion.
c
Use within 90 days before inclusion.