Supplementary Table 1.

Covariates and Corresponding ATC/Diagnoses Codes Included in the Propensity Score Model

Type of information	Variables	Time frame/diagnosis codes
Demographics	Sex
	Date of birth
Health care utilization	No. of hospital admissions	Within 3 years before index date
Charlson Comorbidity Index	0	Since 1994 (ICD-10)
	1–2
	3+
Comorbidities	Peptic ulcer	K25, K26, K27
	Asthma	J45
	COPD	J44
	Cirrhosis	K703, K717A, K717B, K743, K744, K745, K746, K746B, K746C, K746D, K746E, K746F, K746G, K746H, DP788A
	Ischemic heart disease	I20, I21, I22, I23, I24, I25, N02BA, C01DA, B01AC24
	Diabetes mellitus	E10, E11, E13, E14
	Renal failure	I12, I13, N00-N05, N07, N08, N11, N14, N18, N19, E102, E112, E142
	Heart failure	I099A, I110, I130, I132, I50
	Stroke	I60, I61, I62, I63, I64, I69
	Alcohol-related diagnosis or drug use	F10, E244, G312, G621, G721, I426, K292, K70, K852, K860, Q860, Z502, Z714, Z721
	Smoking-related diagnosis	DF17, DZ716, DZ720
	Major psychiatric disorder	F20, F25, F30, F31
Medication	Systemic corticosteroids	H02AB
	Inhaled corticosteroids	R03AK, R03AL, R03BA
	Bronchodilators	R03AA, R03AC
	H2RA	A02BA
	NSAID	M01A (excluding M01AX)
	Anticholinergic agents	R03BB
	Immunosuppressants	L04AA, L04AB, L04AC, L04AD, L04AX, L01XC02
	Antipsychotic agents	N05AA, N05AB, N05AC, N05AD, N05AE, N05AF, N05AG, N05AH, N05AL, N05AN, N05AX
	Antibiotics	J01
	Alcohol abstinence treatment	N07BB
	Smoking cessation treatment	N07BA
	Blood pressure lowering drugs	C03A, C07, C08, C09
	Lipid lowering drugs	C10
	Glucose lowering drugs	A10A, A10B
	Antiplatelets	B01AC
	Anticoagulants	B01AA, B01AE07, B01AF

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, H2RA, H2-receptor antagonists; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases version 10, NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.