Supplementary Table 5.

Relative Risk of Hospital Admission, Intensive Care Unit Admission, Mechanical Ventilation, or Death According to Dose of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Outcome	Current PPI use		Never PPI use
	Events	Risk (%)	Events	Risk (%)	Relative risk
Crude
Death
Low dose	90/1631	5.5 (4.4–6.6)	280/59,413	0.5 (0.4–0.5)	11.71 (9.28–14.77)
High dose	179/2842	6.3 (5.4–7.2)	280/59,413	0.5 (0.4–0.5)	13.36 (11.12–16.06)
ICU admission
Low dose	29/1631	1.8 (1.1–2.4)	254/59,413	0.4 (0.4–0.5)	4.16 (2.84–6.09)
High dose	89/2842	3.1 (2.5–3.8)	254/59,413	0.4 (0.4–0.5)	7.33 (5.77–9.30)
ICU or death
Low dose	112/1631	6.9 (5.6–8.1)	487/59,413	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	8.38 (6.86–10.23)
High dose	241/2842	8.5 (7.5–9.5)	487/59,413	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	10.35 (8.91–12.02)
Mechanical ventilation
Low dose	13/1631	0.8 (0.4–1.2)	145/59,413	0.2 (0.2–0.3)	3.27 (1.86–5.75)
High dose	55/2842	1.9 (1.4–2.4)	145/59,413	0.2 (0.2–0.3)	7.93 (5.83–10.79)
Hospital admission
Low dose	319/1631	19.6 (17.6–21.5)	2145/59,413	3.6 (3.5–3.8)	5.42 (4.87–6.03)
High dose	676/2842	23.8 (22.2–25.4)	2145/59,413	3.6 (3.5–3.8)	6.59 (6.10–7.12)
Matched
Death
Low dose	64/1479	4.3 (3.3–5.4)	189/3955	4.8 (4.1–5.4)	0.91 (0.69–1.19)
High dose	102/2476	4.1 (3.3–4.9)	189/3955	4.8 (4.1–5.4)	0.86 (0.68–1.09)
ICU admission
Low dose	26/1479	1.8 (1.1–2.4)	95/3955	2.4 (1.9–2.9)	0.73 (0.48–1.12)
High dose	66/2476	2.7 (2.0–3.3)	95/3955	2.4 (1.9–2.9)	1.11 (0.81–1.51)
ICU or death
Low dose	84/1479	5.7 (4.5–6.9)	260/3955	6.6 (5.8–7.3)	0.86 (0.68–1.10)
High dose	151/2476	6.1 (5.2–7.0)	260/3955	6.6 (5.8–7.3)	0.93 (0.76–1.13)
Mechanical ventilation
Low dose	13/1479	0.9 (0.4–1.4)	55/3955	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	0.63 (0.35–1.15)
High dose	42/2476	1.7 (1.2–2.2)	55/3955	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	1.22 (0.82–1.82)
Hospital admission
Low dose	250/1479	16.9 (15.0–18.8)	650/3955	16.4 (15.3–17.6)	1.03 (0.90–1.17)
High dose	484/2476	19.5 (18.0–21.1)	650/3955	16.4 (15.3–17.6)	1.19 (1.07–1.32)

ICU, intensive care unit; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.