Supplementary Table 7.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-analyses
| Study | Design | Population-based | Country or region | Timing of data collection | Mean or median age (y) | No. of subjects | Current PPI users, n (%) | Confounder control in design | Confounder adjustment in analysis | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vila-Corcoles | Cohort | Yes | Spain | May 1–Apr 3, 2020 | 71 | 34,936 | 11,807 (34%) | No | No | Risk of infection |
| Huh | Case-control | Yes | Korea | Up to Apr 8, 2020 | 49 | 65,149 | 14,827 (23%) | No | Yes | Risk of infection |
| Xiang | Cohort | Yes | UK | Jan–Nov 6, 2020 | 68 | 30,835 | 10,724 (33%) | No | Yes | Risk of infection |
| Almario | Cohort | Yes | USA | May 3–Jun 24, 2020 | NR | 53,130 | 16,547 (31%) | No | Yes | Risk of infection |
| Tarlow | Cohort | No | USA | NR | NR | 84,325 | 18,240 (22%) | No | No | Risk of infection |
| Blanc | Case-control | No | France | Up to Apr 8, 2020 | 84 | 179 | 63 (35%) | No | No | Risk of infection |
| Ullah | Cohort | No | UK | Feb 12–Jun 12, 2020 | 57 | 15,586 | 4533 (29%) | No | Yes | Risk of infection; |
| 67 | 212 | 87 (41%) | No | Yes | mortality | |||||
| Lee | Matched case-control | Yes | Korea | Jan 1–May 15, 2020 | 56 | 27,746 | 13,873 (50%) | Yes | Yes | Risk of infection |
| Cohort | 50 | 534 | 267 (50%) | Yes | Yes | Severe clinical outcomesa | ||||
| Israelsen | Matched case-control | Yes | Denmark | Feb–Dec 1, 2020 | 36 | 416,023 | 22,026 (5%) | Yes | Yes | Risk of infection |
| Cohort | 60 | 7910 | 3955 (50%) | Yes | No | Severe clinical outcomes; mortality | ||||
| Ramachandran | Cohort | No | USA | Mar 1–Apr 25, 2020 | 66 | 295 | 46 (48%) | No | No | Severe clinical outcomes; mortality |
| Luxenburger | Cohort | No | Germany | NR | 65 | 152 | 62 (41%) | No | No | Secondary infection; ARDS; mortality |
| Fan | Cohort | Yes | UK | Mar 16–Jun 29, 2020 | NR | 3032 | 1354 (45%) | Yes | No | Risk of infection; mortality |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; NR, not reported; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
a
Severe clinical outcomes include mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, or death.