Table 2.
Summary of Studies Reporting Incidence of Injection Drug Use–Associated Infective Endocarditis Hospitalizations from Administrative Data Sets
| Authors | Data Source | Method of Identifying IE | Injection Drug Use Surrogate | Other Restrictions | Year of Most Recent Results: No. of Hospitalizations That Yeara; Inpatient Mortality Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collier et al [30] | National Inpatient Sample | Primary ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for IE (421.0, 421.1, 421.9) | Substance abuse/dependence/poisoning, drug counseling codes, codes indicating effects of drugs or withdrawal of newborns | None | 2013: 2923; 5.2% |
| Deo et al [31] | National Inpatient Sample | IE codes, no other details specified | “Intravenous drug use codes” (not specified) | Only patients aged 16–65 y | 2014: 3981 ± 119; 4.8%–4.9% |
| Ronan and Herzig [32] | National Inpatient Sample | Primary or secondary ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for IE (036.42, 098.84, 112.81, 115.04, 115.14, 421.0, 421.1, 421.9) | Opioid abuse/dependence (including in remission) codes, heroin poisoning and adverse effects codes | None | 2012: 3035; no endocarditis-specific mortality data provided |
| Wurcel et al [33] | National Inpatient Sample | Position not specified ICD-9-CM IE codes (421.0, 421.9, 424.90, 424.91, 424.99) | Dependence, use, poisoning or accidental death codes for cocaine, heroin, or amphetamine; drug addiction counseling, detoxification, and rehabilitation codes; or hepatitis C codes | Only patients aged 15–64 y | 2013: 8530; no mortality data provided |
| Rudasil et al [34] | National Readmissions Database | Followed methods of Wurcel et al [33] | Followed methods of Wurcel et al [33] | Excluding congenital and rheumatic heart disease; only patients aged 16–64 y | 2015: ~5000 (based on figure); 6.8% |
| Schranz et al [15] | North Carolina State Hospital discharge data | Primary or secondary codes for IE (ICD-9-CM codes 112.81, 421.0, 421.1, 421.9, 424.90, 424.91, 424.99; ICD-10-CM codes A32.82, B37.6, I33.0, I33.9, I38, I39) | Codes for dependence, poisoning, or withdrawal associated with opioid, other narcotics, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, cocaine, amphetamine, other stimulant, hallucinogen, sedative, anesthetic, or other analgesic; or history of hepatitis C if born after 1965 | Only patients aged ≥18 y | 2016–2017: 27 570; 8% inpatient (2007–2017) |
| Fleischauer et al [35] | North Carolina State Hospital discharge data | Primary or secondary codes for IE (ICD-9-CM, 421.0, 421.1, 421.9, 424.9; ICD-10-CM, I33.0, I33.9, I38, I39) | Opioid, cocaine, amphetamine/stimulant, hallucinogen dependence codes; drug withdrawal | Only patients aged ≥18 y | 2015: 6672; no mortality data provided |
Abbreviations: ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; IE, infective endocarditis.
aEstimated number of hospitalizations or number projected from subnational data.