Table TABLE.

 Summary of Nondrug Interventions for Treatment of Hypertension

Intervention	Treatment Effect	Type of Evidence Available
Lifestyle modification
DASH diet	↓ SBP 5.5 mm Hg (↓ SBP 11.4 mm Hg in hypertensive patients)	R, O
Low‐salt DASH diet	↓ SBP 7.1 mm Hg (↓ SBP 11.5 mm Hg in hypertensive patients)	R, O
Dietary supplements
Potassium	↓ SBP 3–12 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Calcium	↓ SBP 1.4–1.7 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Vitamin D	↓ SBP 1.9–3.6 mm Hga	R, B, P, M
Folate	↓ SBP 4 mm Hg	R, B, P, C
Coenzyme Q10	↓ SBP 16 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Fish oil	↓ SBP 2–3 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Garlic	↓ SBP 10–16 mm Hgb	R, P, M
Fruits and vegetables	↓ SBP 2.8 mm Hg	R, O
Soy protein	↓ SBP 7.8 mm Hg	R, B, P
Flavonoids	↓ SBP 3–5 mm Hg	R, P, M
Vegetarian diet	↓ SBP 5 mm Hg	R, O
High‐fiber diet	↓ SBP 1–2 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Herbal/alternative approaches
Hawthorn	↓ SBP 3.6 mm Hga	R, B, P
Coleus forskohlii	↓ Cardiac filling pressures	Comp
Mistletoe	↓ BP in rats	Comp, A
Rauwolfia	↓ SBP and DBP	Comp
Acupuncture	↓ SBP 5 mm Hga	R, B, P, M
Meditation	↓ SBP 4.7 mm Hg	R, B, P, M
Devices/interventions
Rheos implantable baroreflex stimulator	↓ SBP 22 mm Hg, >10 mm Hg reduction in SBP in 54% of patientsc	R, B, P
Symplicity renal sympathetic denervation	↓ SBP 32 mm Hgc	R, O
RESPeRATE Paced Breathing	↓ SBP 5–15 mm Hg	R, O
Zona Plus isometric handgrip exercises	↓ SBP 5.7 mm Hg	R, O, M

Abbreviations: ↓ decreased; A, animal model; B, blinded; C, cross‐sectional; Comp, comparative; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; O, open‐label; P, placebo‐controlled; M, meta‐analysis; R, randomized; SBP, systolic blood pressure. ^aNonsignificant. ^bStudy design/blinding issues are present. ^cRefractory hypertension.