Table 6.

Evidence for parent-delivered interventions: live parental infant-directed singing.

Author (year), country	Study design	Population, setting	Type of pain, intervention	Key findings
Persico et al. (65), Italy	Concurrent cohort study	156 fetus/infants monitored prenatally from 24 weeks GA up to 3 months after birth. Antenatal classes/maternity unit/home	Infantile colic, maternal live lullaby singing during pregnancy and after birth vs. control cohort of non-singing women	In the lullaby-singing cohort, the incidence of infantile colic episodes in the first month was significantly lower than in the control cohort of nonsinging women (concurrent cohort). Infantile colic was reduced in the singing group also in the second month after birth. Maternal singing during pregnancy and after birth could both improve maternal–infant interaction and contribute to preventing neonatal colic

GA, gestational age.