Table 1.
Public Health Interventions and Summer Diarrhea, 1910–1930
| (1) ln(Diarrhea) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtration × Non-Summer | −.092 (.075) | −.111 (.068) | −.100 (.060) | −.161*** (.047) |
| Filtration × Summer | .069 (.128) | .103 (.142) | .088 (.134) | .029 (.108) |
| Chlorination × Non-Summer | −.014 (.079) | −.013 (.071) | −.043 (.074) | −.029 (.062) |
| Chlorination × Summer | .055 (.060) | .047 (.056) | .031 (.052) | .052 (.056) |
| Clean Water Project × Non-Summer | … | .021 (.084) | .016 (.103) | .120 (.131) |
| Clean Water Project × Summer | … | .128 (.113) | .133 (.125) | .236 (.156) |
| Sewage Treated × Non- Summer | … | .022 (.089) | .031 (.082) | .034 (.074) |
| Sewage Treated × Summer | … | .026 (.128) | .049 (.117) | .051 (.077) |
| Bacteriological Standard × Non-Summer | … | … | .219*** (.062) | .111* (.060) |
| Bacteriological Standard × Summer | … | … | .077 (.082) | −.024 (.074) |
| City-specific linear trends | No | No | No | Yes |
| N | 6,552 | 6,552 | 6,552 | 6,552 |
| R2 | .840 | .841 | .844 | .858 |
*
Statistically significant at 10% level;
**
at 5% level;
***
at 1% level.
Notes: Based on annual data from Mortality Statistics for the period 1910–1930, published by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each column represents the results from a separate OLS regression. The dependent variable is equal to the natural log of the number of diarrheal deaths among children under the age of two per 100,000 population in city c and month t. Controls include the city characteristics listed in Appendix Table 1, city fixed effects, and month-by-year fixed effects. Regressions are weighted by city population. Standard errors, corrected for clustering at the city level, are in parentheses.