TABLE 1.
Liver biochemistry and serum hormones and proinflammatory cytokines in juvenile Iberian pigs fed BSL, SUC, or HFCS diets for 16 wk1
| Item | BSL | SUC | HFCS |
|---|---|---|---|
| n° pigs (pen) | 6 (3) | 6 (3) | 8 (4) |
| Sex (M/F) | 3/3 | 3/3 | 4/4 |
| Serum hormones and glucose | |||
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 5.41 ± 1.85 | 8.90 ± 1.85 | 11.8 ± 1.60 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 113 ± 10.0 | 99.6 ± 20.7 | 106 ± 11.4 |
| HOMA2 | 1.50 ± 0.32 | 2.23 ± 1.27 | 3.18 ± 1.79 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 15.1 ± 13.8 | 50.3 ± 13.8 | 56.6 ± 13.2 |
| FGF19, pg/mL | 119 ± 37.4 | 40.1 ± 25.8 | 37.2 ± 17.6 |
| Liver biochemistry | |||
| ALT, U/L | 40.0 ± 8.50 | 32.0 ± 2.91 | 27.9 ± 4.62 |
| AST, U/L | 31.1 ± 8.10 | 32.5 ± 17.8 | 16.3 ± 4.31 |
| ALP, U/L | 139 ± 30.7 | 151 ± 25.0 | 166 ± 13.3 |
| GGT, U/L | 29.9 ± 9.19 | 29.8 ± 7.10 | 25.6 ± 7.86 |
| LDH, U/L | 608 ± 108 | 641 ± 89.0 | 576 ± 50.7 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 23.5 ± 7.59 | 21.5a ± 3.96 | 17.4b ± 3.07 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 5.05 ± 0.50 | 4.73 ± 0.41 | 4.52 ± 0.40 |
| Total protein, g/dL | 5.99 ± 0.97 | 5.79 ± 0.49 | 5.51 ± 0.57 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 0.68a ± 0.06 | 0.58b ± 0.07 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| HDL, mg/dL | 55.5 ± 25.7 | 53.1 ± 7.68 | 59.3 ± 12.2 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 66.5 ± 14.1 | 57.3 ± 17.0 | 61.4 ± 16.7 |
| NEFAs, mEq/L | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.02 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 106 ± 18.5 | 108.7 ± 21.2 | 121 ± 20.3 |
| TAGs, mg/dL | 32.1 ± 21.4 | 78.9 ± 74.1 | 93.1 ± 54.4 |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | |||
| TNFα, ng/mL | 1.84 ± 1.14 | 4.91 ± 3.09 | 2.72 ± 1.85 |
| IL1α, ng/mL | 19.8 ± 19.5 | 13.5 ± 7.41 | 14.8 ± 20.0 |
| TGFβ, ng/mL | 7.26 ± 3.38 | 7.21 ± 2.47 | 8.18 ± 3.20 |
Data are means ± SD. P values were calculated by 1-factor ANOVA. Labeled means without a common letter differ (P ≤ 0.05). ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BSL, baseline diet; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; HFCS, high-fructose corn syrup–enriched diet; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; SUC, sucrose-enriched diet; TAG, triacylglyceride; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β.
HOMA: homeostatic model assessment values were calculated according to the formula: [fasting insulin (μU/mL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/405.