TABLE 2.
Variable by group | Baseline2 | Midpoint3 | End4 | P value5 (group) | P value5 (time) | P value5 (interaction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight, kg | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||
Intervention | 88 ± 10 | 92 ± 10 | 95 ± 11 | |||
Control | 92 ± 12 | 97 ± 12 | 103 ± 11 | |||
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
Intervention | 124 ± 11 | 120 ± 14 | 116 ± 16 | |||
Control | 122 ± 14 | 127 ± 9 | 123 ± 11 | |||
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.47 | |||
Intervention | 74 ± 10 | 76 ± 7 | 73 ± 8 | |||
Control | 74 ± 9 | 81 ± 5 | 78 ± 7 | |||
Serum glucose, mg/dL | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.27 | |||
Intervention | 81 ± 10 | 85 ± 10 | 84 ± 19 | |||
Control | 82 ± 15 | 95 ± 22 | 95 ± 25 | |||
Serum HbA1c, % | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |||
Intervention | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | |||
Control | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | |||
Serum insulin, μIU/mL | 0.92 | 0.003 | 0.37 | |||
Intervention | 23.1 ± 17.4 | 29.4 ± 20.1 | 35.1 ± 20.5 | |||
Control | 20.2 ± 17.5 | 33.7 ± 18.9 | 32.1 ± 17.4 | |||
HOMA-IR | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.96 | |||
Intervention | 4.4 ± 3.8 | 5.9 ± 5.8 | 6.6 ± 5.8 | |||
Control | 4.3 ± 4.2 | 6.3 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 3.3 | |||
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.14 | |||
Intervention | 202 ± 47 | 220 ± 45 | 227 ± 43 | |||
Control | 175 ± 30 | 198 ± 30 | 216 ± 28 | |||
Serum LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.86 | |||
Intervention | 111 ± 37 | 123 ± 35 | 129 ± 35 | |||
Control | 95 ± 20 | 108 ± 19 | 117 ± 23 | |||
Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.18 | |||
Intervention | 62 ± 16 | 64 ± 15 | 62 ± 15 | |||
Control | 56 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 61 ± 13 | |||
Serum triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.12 | 0.005 | 0.81 | |||
Intervention | 183 ± 78 | 212 ± 69 | 221 ± 71 | |||
Control | 157 ± 42 | 177 ± 39 | 196 ± 61 | |||
Serum CRP, mg/L | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.002 | |||
Intervention | 6.1 ± 4.0 | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 5.5 ± 2.2 | |||
Control | 6.8 ± 7.2 | 7.5 ± 7.3 | 9.5 ± 6.6 | |||
Serum adiponectin, μg/mL | 0.42 | 0.06 | 0.70 | |||
Intervention | 9.3 ± 5.2 | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 10.7 ± 6.3 | |||
Control | 8.2 ± 3.9 | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 8.9 ± 4.2 | |||
Serum IL-6, pg/mL | 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.08 | |||
Intervention | 22.4 ± 7.4 | 23.5 ± 5.3 | 25.1 ± 6.5 | |||
Control | 18.8 ± 7.3 | 20.5 ± 6.3 | 26.0 ± 7.2 |
n = 17 in each group. Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Intervention: blueberry + soluble fiber; control: standard prenatal care. CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
Gestational week 16.0 ± 3.8 for intervention and 14.5 ± 4.4 for control.
Gestational week 26.5 ± 1.3 for intervention and 26.0 ± 1.2 for control.
Gestational week 34.0 ± 1.3 for intervention and 33.0 ± 2.3 for control.
P from mixed-model ANOVA.