(A) Bacterial cell length of planktonic, swarming, and cephalexin (CEP) treated planktonic SM3, n = 500 for each group. Data are represented as median and interquartile range. **** indicates p<0.0001. ns indicates not significant, with p=0.8755 (Kruskal–Wallis test). (B) Bacterial cell speed of swimming, swarming, centrifuged, and CEP-treated swimming SM3, n = 10 for each group. p=0.7375, as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; ns, not significant. (C) VOP of swimming SM3 under 74 μm diameter confinement with different treatments, n = 5 for each group. (D) VOP of swarming SM3 under 74 μm diameter confinement with different treatments, n = 5 for each group. B–D, Data are shown as means with standard deviation (± SD) indicated. All statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism v8.4.3.