Table 1.
Patients’ pre-existing conditions, and clinical, laboratory, and CT findings at admission
| Variables | All patients | Deaths | Hospitalizations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p* | n (%) | p* | |||
| 866 | 93 (10.74) | 363 (41.92) | ||||
| Age (years) | 59.8 (50.2–72.5) | 80.6 (72.0–85.9) | < 0.001** | 71.3 (60.4–80.0) | < 0.001** | |
| Female sex | 339 (39.15) | 18 (19.35) | < 0.001 | 119 (32.78) | 0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 200.6 (181–210) | 181.7 (157–199.5) | < 0.001** | 195.0 (170–207.8) | < 0.001** | |
| Calendar time | (Week 1) | 36 (4.16) | 8 (8.6) | < 0.001 | 27 (7.44) | < 0.001 |
| (week 2) | 167 (19.28) | 40 (43.01) | 123 (33.88) | |||
| (Week 3) | 314 (36.26) | 25 (26.88) | 128 (35.26) | |||
| (Week 4) | 349 (40.30) | 20 (21.51) | 85 (23.42) | |||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 52 (47–61) | 48 (41–53) | < 0.001** | 51 (43–58) | < 0.001** | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 125 (110–135) | 109 (85–123) | < 0.001** | 117 (101–131) | < 0.001** | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 110 (90–126) | 121 (102–147) | 0.001** | 114 (92–137) | 0.016** | |
| Diabetes | 94 (10.85) | 18 (19.35) | 0.005 | 71 (19.56) | < 0.001 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0 | 715 (82.56) | 45 (48.39) | < 0.001 | 249 (68.60) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 51 (5.89) | 13 (13.98) | 33 (9.09) | |||
| 2 | 47 (5.43) | 12 (12.90) | 35 (9.64) | |||
| 3 | 53 (6.12) | 23 (24.73) | 46 (12.67) | |||
| COPD | 22 (2.54) | 8 (8.60) | < 0.001 | 19 (5.23) | < 0.001 | |
| Ischemic cardiopathy | 53 (6.12) | 22 (23.66) | < 0.001 | 40 (11.02) | < 0.001 | |
| Dementia | 9 (1.04) | 6 (6.45) | < 0.001 | 9 (2.48) | < 0.001 | |
| Chronic kidney failure | 8 (0.92) | 2 (2.15) | 0.209 | 7 (1.93) | 0.011 | |
| Cancer | 96 (11.09) | 20 (21.51) | 0.001 | 59 (16.25) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 102 (11.78) | 29 (31.18) | < 0.001 | 77 (21.21) | < 0.001 | |
| Obesity | 15 (1.73) | 4 (4.30) | 0.067 | 9 (2.48) | 0.152 | |
| Heart failure | 27 (3.12) | 15 (16.13) | < 0.001 | 25 (6.89) | < 0.001 | |
| Arrhythmias | 48 (5.54) | 19 (20.43) | < 0.001 | 36 (9.92) | < 0.001 | |
| Vascular diseases | 11 (1.27) | 6 (6.45) | < 0.001 | 9 (2.48) | 0.011 | |
| Days from symptom onset | 7 (4–9) | 5 (2–7) | < 0.001** | 6 (4–8) | < 0.001** | |
| White blood cells (10^9/L) | 5.11 (4.02–6.56) | 5.86 (4.31–7.96) | 0.095** | 5.36 (3.96–6.89) | 0.042** | |
| Lymphocytes (10^9/L) | 1.04 (0.77–1.42) | 0.82 (0.63–0.97) | < 0.001** | 0.9 (0.69–1.16) | < 0.001** | |
| Neutrophils (10^9/L) | 3.66 (2.76–4.58) | 4.62 (3.39–6.14) | 0.001** | 4.00 (2.75–5.30) | < 0.001** | |
| Platelets (10^9/L) | 181 (146–223) | 160.09 (128–201) | 0.021** | 172 (136–215) | 0.040** | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 3.31 (1.41–8.08) | 8.54 (3.78–14.77) | < 0.001** | 6.26 (2.94–12.79) | < 0.001** | |
| LDH (U/L) | 500.0 (414.0–575.7) | 565.5 (487.0–751.0) | < 0.001** | 539.0 (474.0–666.0) | < 0.001** | |
| SO2 (%) | 95.4 (93.8–96.7) | 92.8 (89.9–94.8) | < 0.001** | 93.9 (91.8-95.7) | < 0.001** | |
| Ground-glass opacities | 837 (96.65) | 90 (96.77) | 1.000 | 355 (97.8) | 0.112 | |
| Consolidation | 547 (63.16) | 71 (76.34) | 0.005 | 263 (72.45) | < 0.001 | |
| CT extension | < 20% | 339 (39.15) | 17 (18.28) | < 0.001 | 84 (23.14) | < 0.001 |
| 20–39% | 340 (39.26) | 23 (24.73) | 143 (39.39) | |||
| 40–59% | 120 (13.86) | 24 (25.81) | 83 (22.87) | |||
| ≥ 60% | 67 (7.74) | 29 (31.18) | 53 (14.60) | |||
| Subcohort | 318 | 58 (18.24) | 205 (64.47) | |||
| Body temperature > 37.5 °C | 182 (57.23) | 36 (62.07) | 0.410 | 130 (63.41) | 0.003 | |
| Cough | 182 (57.23) | 22 (37.93) | 0.001 | 121 (59.02) | 0.384 | |
| Dyspnea/polypnea | 122 (38.36) | 33 (56.90) | 0.001 | 94 (45.85) | 0.000 | |
| Headache | 8 (2.52) | 0 (0) | 0.359 | 4 (1.95) | 0.461 | |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 22 (6.92) | 2 (3.45) | 0.390 | 11 (5.37) | 0.142 | |
| Fatigue | 27 (8.49) | 5 (8.62) | 1.000 | 22 (10.73) | 0.060 | |
| Syncope | 25 (7.86) | 5 (8.62) | 0.789 | 20 (9.76) | 0.126 | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 33 (10.38) | 8 (13.79) | 0.346 | 26 (12.68) | 0.069 | |
| Other symptoms | 24 (7.55) | 2 (3.45) | 0.273 | 17 (8.29) | 0.498 | |
Patients’ pre-existing conditions, along with clinical, laboratory, and CT findings at ER presentation in the whole cohort, and symptoms, including body temperature at ER presentation, only for the subcohort of patients who presented to the ER between February 27, 2020, and March 13, 2020. Continuous variables are presented as median (IQR), and categorical variables are presented as frequencies (%). Single imputation procedure using truncated regression adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidities was used to address the problem of missing values for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, neutrophils, SO2, and LDH (proportion of missing values of 338/866, 520/866, 329/866, 355/866, 147/866, 130/866, and 208/866, respectively). *Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher exact test and p value for the hypothesis of independence in the two-way table. **p value nonparametric equality-of-medians test. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SO2, oxygen saturation level