Table 2.
Associations of pre-existing conditions, and clinical, laboratory, and CT findings at ER presentation with death and hospitalization, after adjustment for age, sex, and calendar time
| Variables | Death | Hospitalization | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Crude | ||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
| Age (years) | 1.107 | 1.086–1.128 | 1.057 | 1.048–1.065 | |
| Sex | Female | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 2.597 | 1.548–4.358 | 1.319889 | 1.060–1.644 | |
| Calendar time | Week 4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Week 3 | 1.245 | 0.690–2.245 | 1.869 | 1.420–2.460 | |
| Week 2 | 2.846 | 1.658–4.885 | 3.841 | 2.900–5.08722 | |
| Week 1 | 3.173 | 1.391–7.237 | 3.239 | 2.093–5.011 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.996 | 0.990–1.002 | 0.996 | 0.992–0.999 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.973 | 0.953–0.993 | 0.987 | 0.977–0.997 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.992 | 0.984–1.000 | 0.996 | 0.992–1.000 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 1.005 | 1.002–1.008 | 1.003 | 1.001–1.005 | |
| Diabetes | 0.883 | 0.509–1.530 | 1.680 | 1.269–2.223 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.379 | 1.168–1.629 | 1.298 | 1.172–1.437 | |
| COPD | 1.716 | 0.815–3.612 | 2.624 | 1.629–4.229 | |
| Ischemic cardiopathy | 1.891 | 1.150–3.109 | 1.057 | 0.750–1.489 | |
| Dementia | 6.502 | 2.702–15.645 | 3.964 | 2.010–7.818 | |
| Chronic kidney failure | 1.277 | 0.311–5.234 | 1.490 | 0.696–3.187 | |
| Cancer | 1.381 | 0.840–2.270 | 1.514 | 1.142–2.007 | |
| Hypertension | 1.412 | 0.900–2.215 | 1.237 | 0.947–1.615 | |
| Obesity | 3.931 | 1.415–10.924 | 1.383 | 0.712–2.689 | |
| Heart failure | 3.006 | 1.715–5.270 | 1.856 | 1.220–2.823 | |
| Arrhythmias | 2.347 | 1.393–3.956 | 1.475 | 1.033–2.108 | |
| Vascular diseases | 3.701 | 1.570–8.724 | 1.397 | 0.717–2.722 | |
| Days from symptom onset | 0.883 | 0.828–0.941 | 0.895 | 0.867–0.923 | |
| White blood cells (10^9/L) | 1.019 | 0.979–1.060 | 1.009 | 0.976–1.044 | |
| Lymphocytes (10^9/L) | 0.971 | 0.880–1.070 | 0.981 | 0.906–1.062 | |
| Neutrophils (10^9/L) | 1.132 | 1.040–1.231 | 1.056 | 1.007–1.109 | |
| Platelets (10^9/L) | 0.998 | 0.996–1.001 | 0.999 | 0.998–1.001 | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 1.061 | 1.031–1.092 | 1.049 | 1.033–1.065 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 1.001 | 1.000–1.002 | 1.001 | 1.000–1.001 | |
| SO2 (%) | 0.932 | 0.910–0.956 | 0.966 | 0.951–0.981 | |
| Ground-glass opacities | 0.751 | 0.234–2.412 | 0.632 | 0.311–1.283 | |
| Consolidation | 1.625 | 1.002–2.637 | 1.517 | 1.201–1.916 | |
| CT extension | < 20% | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–39% | 0.869 | 0.457–1.652 | 1.348 | 1.024–1.774 | |
| 40–59% | 1.813 | 0.944–3.481 | 2.072 | 1.511–2.841 | |
| ≥ 60% | 6.684 | 3.557–12.560 | 2.357 | 1.643–3.383 | |
| Body temperature > 37.5°C | 1.325 | 0.765–2.295 | 1.679 | 1.258–2.243 | |
| Cough | 0.541 | 0.316–0.926 | 1.322 | 0.995–1.756 | |
| Dyspnea/polypnea | 1.957 | 1.153–3.321 | 1.519 | 1.149–2.009 | |
| Headache | 0.686 | 0.253–1.856 | |||
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 0.796 | 0.189–3.362 | 0.887 | 0.481–1.635 | |
| Fatigue | 1.140 | 0.448–2.900 | 1.084 | 0.694–1.695 | |
| Syncope | 0.672 | 0.266–1.696 | 1.424 | 0.896–2.263 | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 1.802 | 0.812–4.000 | 1.092 | 0.715–1.669 | |
| Other symptoms | 0.789 | 0.187–3.335 | 1.206 | 0.729–1.994 | |
Univariate associations of demographic and pre-existing conditions, as well as clinical, laboratory, and CT findings at ER presentation, with death and hospitalization, expressed as HR and respective 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for sex, age, and calendar time. For continuous variables (age, laboratory tests, Charlson Comorbidity Index, days from symptom onset), results are intended as one-unit increase. Missing values in the cohort are 66 for white blood cells, 148 for lymphocytes, 73 for platelets, and 76 for C-reactive protein. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SO2, oxygen saturation level