Table 2.
Assessment of mortality by World Bank Classification, length of hospital stay, and follow-up duration beyond discharge in 286 studies estimating the health burden of antibiotic resistant infections caused by the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System target pathogens
| Mortality | Overall |
Country by WBC (%)a |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
N (%) N = 283/286 |
HIC (%) N = 212/215 |
UMIC (%) N = 56/56 |
LMIC and LIC (%) N = 12/12 |
||
| Definitions | No definition | 87 (31) | 66 (31) | 13 (23) | 7 (58) |
| Overall | 128 (45) | 94 (44) | 31 (55) | 3 (25) | |
| Attributable | 61 (21) | 46 (22) | 13 (23) | 1 (8) | |
| In hospital | 88 (31) | 65 (31) | 19 (34) | 3 (25) | |
| Stratified by age | 33 (12) | 19 (9) | 9 (16) | 5 (42) | |
| Timeline assessment |
6–7 days | 27 (9) | 21 (10) | 5 (9) | NA |
| 14 days | 32 (11) | 22 (10) | 8 (14) | 1 (8) | |
| 21–30 days | 123 (43) | 97 (46) | 25 (45) | NA | |
| >30 days |
28 (10) |
22 (10) |
5 (9) |
NA |
|
|
In-hospital length of stay |
N = 174/286 |
N = 134/215 |
N = 35/56 |
N = 3/12 |
|
| Before infectionb | 67 (38) | 48 (36) | 16 (46) | 2 (67) | |
| After infectionb | 46 (26) | 36 (27) | 8 (23) | 2 (67) | |
| Total LOSb |
121 (70) |
94 (70) |
23 (66) |
3 (100) |
|
|
Follow-up duration after diagnosis of infection |
N = 43/286 |
N = 35/215 |
N = 5/56 |
N = 1/12 |
|
| 1–3 monthsc | 27 (63) | 20 (57) | 4 (80) | 1 (100) | |
| 6 months – 1 yearc | 9 (21) | 8 (23) | 1 (20) | NA | |
| >1 yearc | 7 (16) | 7 (20) | NA | NA | |
Details about the studies can be found in the supplementary material. The following definitions for attributable mortality were used: crude mortality rates of cases minus crude mortality rate of controls; death occurring within 14 days of the first positive blood culture without any other plausible causes; death of patients with persisting clinical evidence of active infection, excluding other causes of mortality; death within 2 weeks of the last positive blood culture in the absence of known non-infectious causes of death; death occurring while receiving antibiotics for the index infection, without any other obvious cause of death; death within 1 week of a positive culture result; mortality occurring during the admission period of the index infection; assessed by clinicians; clinical evidence of active infection and positive cultures, or when death occurred as the result of organ failure that developed or deteriorated during the onset of infection; death in patients who failed to respond to therapy and in patients who died as the result of an acute event involving any of the sites of infection or of an unknown cause; positive blood cultures at the time of death or death within 14 days of the documentation of the index infection without any other explanation; culture positive at the time of death or death within 14 days of the first day index infection without an alternate explanation as determined by the study investigators. HIC, high-income country; LIC, low-income country; LMIC, low–middle-income country; UMIC, upper middle-income countries; WBC, World Bank Classification; NA, not available.
Three studies were conducted in countries with different income so they were not included in the WBC grouping.
Percentages refer to the studies out of the total that measured length of hospital stay.
Percentages refer to the studies out of the total that performed follow-up beyond 30 days.