Table 1.

Examples of redox-regulated components involved in mediating insulin signalling.

Protein	Category	Residue (location)	Modification	Oxidant	Interaction	Effect	Ref.
Insulin receptor	Kinase	Cys1245 (kinase domain) Cys1308 (kinase domain)	Intramol. disulphide S-glutathionylation	H2O2	GSH	Activation, promotes the release of inhibitory ADP from the kinase domain	[68]
PTEN	Phosphatase	Cys77 Cys124 (catalytic active centre)	Intramol. disulphide	H2O2		Inactivation	[69,70,71]
PTP1B	Phosphatase	Cys215 (catalytic active centre)	Sulfenamide/S-glutathionylation	H2O2	GSH	Inactivation	[72]
AKT2	Kinase	Cys60 (PH domain) Cys77 (PH domain)	Intramol. disulphide	H2O2		Activation, promotes AKT2 recruitment to the PM	[30]
		Cys124 (linker domain)	Intramol. disulphide	H2O2/catalase inhibition		Inactivation	[73]
		Cys297 (activation loop) Cys311 (activation loop)	Intramol. disulphide	H2O2 BCNU/auranofin		Inactivation	[74,75] [30]
FOXO1	TF	Cys612	Intermol. disulphide	Basal conditions	P300/CBP, PGC1α	Full transactivation activity	[76]
				H2O2	P300/CBP	FOXO1 acetylation, cell cycle arrest and induction of pro-apoptotic genes	[77]
FOXO3	TF	C31 C150 (Forkhead domain)	Intermol. disulphide	H2O2	Prdx1	Decreased FOXO3 transcriptional activity under low H2O2 doses that abrogated under high doses	[78]
FOXO4	TF	Cys477	Intermol. disulphide	H2O2	P300/CBP	FOXO4 acetylation, cell cycle arrest and induction of pro-apoptotic genes	[79]
			Intermol. disulphide	H2O2	TNPO1	Nuclear translocation	[80]

*intramol., intramolecular; intermol. intermolecular; PM, plasma membrane; TF, transcription factor.