Table 2.

The effects of vitamin E supplementation in animal models on hepatic redox biomarkers in NAFLD and in serum and hepatic samples in clinical trials.

Redox biomarker	Effect	Model	Dose and duration	Reference
Animal Experiments
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances	↓ ↓ ↓ ↓	Mice, MCD dieta Mice, MCD diet + partial hepatectomy PEMT−/- mice, high-fat diet Mice, high-fat, cholesterol, and cholate diet	250 mg/kg diet all-rac-α-tocopherol acetate, 5 weeks 5000 mg/kg diet all-rac-α tocopherol, 1 week 500 mg/kg diet vitamin Eb, 3 weeks 0.02% vitamin Eb in the diet, 12 weeks	[56] [57] [61] [59]
Total glutathione	↑	Mice, MCD diet	250 mg/kg diet all-rac-α-tocopherol acetate, 5 weeks	[56]
Malondialdehyde	– – ↓ ↓	Guinea pigs, high-fat diet Mice, MCD diet ob/ob mice * LPS injection Rats, high-fat diet	250 mg/kg diet RRR-α-tocopherol, 6 weeks 100 mg/kg diet vitamin Eb, 3 weeks 500 mg/kg diet α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol, 5 weeks 30 IU/d vitamin Eb, gavage, 4 weeks	[64] [58] [63] [62]
Superoxide dismutase activity	↑	Mice, MCD diet	100 mg/kg diet vitamin Eb, 3 weeks	[58]
GSH/GSSG	– ↑	Guinea pigs, high-fat diet PEMT−/− mice, high-fat diet	250 mg/kg diet RRR-α-tocopherol, 6 weeks 500 mg/kg diet vitamin Eb, 3 weeks	[64] [61]
Clinical Trials
Protein carbonylsc	↓	80 pediatric patients with biopsy proven NAFLD	7.5 mg hydroxytyrosol and 10 mg all-rac α-tocopherol acetate per day, 4 months	[65]
Advanced glycation endproductsc	↓
Advanced oxidation protein productsc	–
4-HNE protein adductsd	↓	21 patients with biopsy proven NAFLD	200, 400 and 800 IU/d RRR-α-tocopherol per day, 4 weeks	[36]

^aMCD diet, methionine- and choline-deficient diet.

^bno further details provided.

^cSerum.

^dHepatic samples.