Table 2.
Summary of intervention studies investigating the associations between dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
| Authors, Year | Country | Study design, duration | Participants | Dietary pattern | Biomarkers | Resultsa Increase in biomarker concentration (↑); Decrease in biomarker concentration (↓); No change (↔) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trials | ||||||
| Yubero-Serrano et al. [50], 2020 | Spain | Parallel RCT, 1 year |
Intervention: N = 418, mean (sd) age: 60.4 (0.5) years, 91% male, coronary heart disease patients Control: N = 387, mean (sd) age: 59.9 (0.5) years, 94% male, coronary heart disease patients |
Intervention: Mediterranean diet Control: Low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet |
Serum: Methylglyoxal; hs-CRP |
↓ Methylglyoxal; ↓ hs-CRP |
| Sofi et al. [51], 2018 | Italy | Crossover RCT, 3 months each |
Intervention (2 arms): 1) N = 60, age range: 24–70 years, 18% male, healthy adults 2) N = 58, age range: 21–75 years, 26% male, healthy adults |
Intervention (2-arms): 1) Lacto-ovo vegetarian low-calorie diet 2) Mediterranean low-calorie diet |
Plasma: TBARS; TAC; L-derived ROS; M-derived ROS; G-derived ROS |
1) Vegetarian diet: ↓ TBARS; ↓ L-derived ROS; ↔ M-derived ROS; ↔ G-derived ROS; ↔ TAC 2) Mediterranean diet: ↓ TBARS; ↔ L-derived ROS; ↔ M-derived ROS; ↔ G-derived ROS; ↔ TAC |
| Jaacks et al. [52], 2018 | United States | Parallel RCT, 8 weeks |
Intervention: N = 11, overweight or obese adults Control: N = 9, overweight or obese adults Mean (sd) age: 51.4 (6.6) years, 27% male |
Intervention: Mediterranean diet Control: Habitual US diet |
Plasma: Cysteine (reduced form); cystine (oxidized form); GSH |
↓ Cystine; ↔ cysteine; ↔ GSH |
| Kim et al. [53], 2017 | Australia | Crossover RCT, 4 weeks each |
All participants: N = 51, mean (sd) age: 35.1 (15.6) years, 42% male, people without diabetes |
Intervention (2 arms): 1) Diet high in red and processed meat and refined grains 2) Diet high in whole grains, nuts, legumes, dairy, and devoid of red and processed meat |
Plasma: Fluorescent AGEs; CML; IL-6; hs-CRP |
Post-intervention levels of diet 1 vs diet 2: ↔ Fluorescent AGEs; ↔ CML; ↔ IL-6; ↔ hs-CRP |
| Davis et al. [54], 2017 | Australia | Parallel RCT, 24 weeks |
Intervention: N = 80, mean (sd) age: 71.0 (4.9) years, 42% male, healthy adults Control: N = 72, mean (sd) age: 70.8 (4.7) years, 46% male, healthy adults |
Intervention: Mediterranean diet Control: Habitual Australian diet |
Plasma: F2-Isoprostanes; hs-CRP |
↓ F2-Isoprostanes; ↔ hs-CRP |
| Zade et al. [55], 2016 | Iran | Parallel RCT, 8 weeks |
Intervention: N = 30, mean (sd) age: 39.7 (7.3) years, 50% male Control: N = 30, mean (sd) age: 42.8 (10.6) years, 50% male Overweight and obese patients with NAFLD |
Intervention: DASH diet Control: Calorie restricted diet |
Plasma: MDA; NO; GSH; TAC Serum: hs-CRP |
↑ NO; ↑ GSH; ↓ MDA; ↔ TAC; ↓ hs-CRP |
| Sureda et al. [56], 2016 | Spain | Parallel RCT, 5 years |
Intervention (2 arms): 1) N = 25, 46% male 2) N = 25, 45% male Control: N = 25, 48% male Age range: 55–80 years, people with metabolic syndrome |
Intervention (2 arms): 1) Mediterranean diet + olive oil 2) Mediterranean diet + nuts Control: Low-fat diet |
Total blood: SOD activity Plasma: Catalase activity; MPO activity; MPO protein level; xanthine oxidase activity; xanthine oxidase protein level; SOD protein level; nitrate; nitrite; nitrotyrosine index; carbonylated proteins |
1) Mediterranean diet + olive oil vs control: ↑ SOD activity; ↑ SOD protein level; ↑ catalase activity; ↑ nitrate; ↓ xanthine oxidase activity; ↔ xanthine oxidase protein level; ↔ MPO activity; ↔ MPO protein level; ↔ nitrite; ↔ nitrotyrosine index; ↔ carbonylated proteins 2) Mediterranean diet + nuts vs control: ↑ SOD activity; ↑ SOD protein level; ↑ catalase activity; ↑ nitrate; ↓ xanthine oxidase activity; ↔ xanthine oxidase protein level; ↔ MPO activity; ↔ MPO protein level; ↔ nitrite; ↔ nitrotyrosine index; ↔ carbonylated proteins |
| Choi et al. [57], 2015 | Korea | Parallel RCT, 8 weeks |
Intervention: N = 21, Mean age: 73.0 (3.9) years Control: N = 18, Mean age: 73.8 (5.8) years 0% male, women with abdominal obesity |
Intervention: DASH diet Control: Dietary counselling |
Plasma: TBARS; FRAP |
↓ TBARS; ↔ FRAP |
| Intervention trials (no comparison group) | ||||||
| Kaliora et al. [45], 2019 | Greece | 24 weeks | N = 44, mean (sd) age: 50.4 (10.2) years, 40.9% male, patients with nonfibrotic NAFLD | Intervention: Mediterranean diet | Serum: Ox-LDL; CRP; TNF-α; IL-6; visfatin; leptin |
↓ Ox-LDL; ↓ CRP; ↓ visfatin; ↔ TNF-α; ↔ IL-6; ↔ leptin |
| Luisi et al. [46], 2019 | Italy | 3 months | Two groups: 1) Overweight or obese: N = 18, age range: 20–61 years, 61% male 2) Normal weight: N = 18, age range: 24–71 years, 33% male |
Intervention: Mediterranean diet |
MPO activity; MDA; 8-OH-dG; TNF-α; IL-6; IL-10; adiponectin | 1) Overweight or obese: ↓ MPO activity; ↓ MDA; ↓ 8-OH-dG; ↑ IL-10; ↑ adiponectin; ↓ TNF-α; ↓ IL-6 2) Normal weight: ↓ MPO activity; ↓ MDA; ↓ 8-OH-dG; ↑ adiponectin; ↓ TNF-α; ↓ IL-6; ↔ IL-10 |
| Rodríguez et al. [47], 2015 | Chile | 3 months | N = 47, age range: 25–45 years, 0% male, overweight and obese premenopausal women | Intervention: Mediterranean diet (excluding wine) | Serum: CML |
↓ CML |
| Bloomer at al. [48], 2015 | USA | 21 days | Intervention (3 arms): 1) N = 12, mean (sd) age: 31.1 (4.7) years 2) N = 12, mean (sd) age: 27.9 (3.8) years 3) N = 11, mean (sd) age: 31.5 (4.5) years 16% male, healthy adults |
Intervention (3 arms): 1) Traditional Daniel Fast dietb 2) Modified Daniel Fast dietc 3) Unrestricted vegan diet |
Plasma: MDA; nitrate/nitrite; AOPP; hs-CRP |
1) Traditional Daniel Fast diet: ↔ MDA; ↔ nitrate/nitrite; ↔ AOPP; ↔ hs-CRP 2) Modified Daniel Fast diet: ↔ MDA; ↔ nitrate/nitrite; ↔ AOPP; ↔ hs-CRP 3) Unrestricted vegan diet: ↔ MDA; ↔ nitrate/nitrite; ↔ AOPP; ↔ hs-CRP |
| Parcina et al. [49], 2015 | Germany | 2 weeks | Intervention (3 arms): 1) N = 14, mean (sd) age: 31.9 (6.3) years 2) N = 13, mean (sd) age: 29.1 (5.8) years 3) N = 12, mean (sd) age: 27.4 (5.7) years 100% male, healthy adults |
Intervention (3 arms): 1) Mediterranean diet 2) Habitual German diet 3) Fast food diet |
Serum: 8-OH-dG; MDA; methylglyoxal; homocysteine |
1) Mediterranean diet: ↔ 8-OH-dG; ↔ MDA; ↔ methylglyoxal; ↔ homocysteine 2) Habitual German diet: ↔ 8-OH-dG; ↔ MDA; ↔ methylglyoxal; ↔ homocysteine 3) Fast food diet: ↔ 8-OH-dG; ↔ MDA; ↔ methylglyoxal; ↔ homocysteine |
Abbreviations: AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products; CML, N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; CRP, C-reactive protein; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma; GSH, glutathione; hs, high-sensitivity; IFN-y, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; IP-10, interferon gamma induced protein-10; ox-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MDA, malonyldialdehyde; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NO, nitric oxide; RCT, randomized control trial; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SD, standard deviation; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; 8-OH-dG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.
a
P<0.05.
b
Traditional Daniel Fats Diet eliminate all processed foods, white flour products, additives, preservatives, sweeteners, flavorings, caffeine, alcohol.
c
Animal products, including lean meat and milk.