Table 4.
Overview of results on significant differences between biomarker levels in participants according to dietary patterns reported in observational and intervention studies.
| Dietary patterns | Observational studies |
Intervention studies |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidative stress biomarkers | Inflammatory biomarkers | Oxidative stress biomarkers | Inflammatory biomarkers | |
| Mediterranean diet | N = 6/NS = 3 [31,32,38] ↓ F2-isoprostane [39,40] ↓ sNox2-dp [30,44] ↓ Ox-LDL [42] ↑ FlOP_320; ↑ FlOP_360 [41] ↑ TAC [42] ↑ Ox-LDL [39] |
N = 2/NS = 0 ↓ hs-CRP [40] ↓ CRP [42] ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α; ↓ serum amyloid A; ↓ homocysteine [42] |
N = 8/NS = 1 [49] ↓ F2-Isoprostanes [54] ↓ Ox-LDL [45] ↓ MDA (measured via TBARS) [46] ↓ TBARS [51] ↓ 8-OH-dG [46] ↓ Methylglyoxal [50] ↓ CML [47] ↓ MPO activityen ↓ Cystine [52] ↑ nitrate; ↓ xanthine oxidase activity; ↑ SOD activity; ↑ SOD protein level; ↑ catalase activity [56] |
N = 3/NS = 2 [49,54] ↓ hs-CRP [50], ↓ CRP [45] ↓ visfatin [45] ↓ TNF-α; ↓ IL-6 [46] ↑ IL-10; ↑ adiponectin [46] |
| Vegetarian Diet | N = 4/NS = 2 [33] ↓ MDA [36,43] ↓ MPO protein level; ↓ spondin-2; ↓ follistatin; ↓ MMP-7; ↓ TRAIL-R2 [35] ↑ PON-3 [35]; ↑ TAC [36] ↑ Total phenol; ↑ FRAP, ↑ nitrite [37] ↑ SOD protein level; ↑ glutathione peroxidase protein level [43] |
N = 0/NS = 1 [35] | N = 1/NS = 0 ↓ L-derived ROS [51] ↓ TBARS [51] |
– |
| Vegan Diet | N = 1/NS = 0 ↑ TBARS; ↑ nitrite [37] |
– | N = 0/NS = 1 [48] | N = 0/NS = 1 [48] |
| DASH Diet | N = 1/NS = 0 ↑ FlOP_320; ↑ FlOP_360 [41] |
– | N = 2/NS = 0 ↓ MDA [55] ↓TBARS [57] ↑ NO; ↑ GSH [55] |
N = 1/NS = 0 ↓ hs-CRP [55] |
| USDA HEI diet | N = 1/NS = 1 [34] ↑ FlOP_320; ↑ FlOP_360 [41] |
N = 0/NS = 1 [34] | – | – |
| Paleolithic diet | N = 1/NS = 0 ↓ F2-isoprostane [40] |
N = 1/NS = 0 ↓ hs-CRP [40] |
– | – |
| Western diet/Fast food diet | N = 6/NS = 1 [43] ↑ heme oxygenase-1 [29] ↑ Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 [32] ↑ PON-3 [35] ↑ Total phenol [37] ↓ protein carbonyl [33] ↓ MMP-7; ↓ MPO protein level [35] ↓ TAC; ↑ MDA [36] ↓ Ceruloplasmin [33] |
N = 1/NS = 1 [29] ↑ resistin ↑ TRAIL-R2; ↑ UPAR; ↑ IL2RA [35] ↑ IL1RT1 ↑ follistatin; ↑ CEACAM8 (Western diet); ↓ IL1RT1 (Fast food diet) [35] ↓ Gal-4 [35] |
N = 0/NS = 2 [49,53] | N = 0/NS = 1 [49] |
NS = number of studies that found non-significant findings of measured biomarkers in corresponding category (P > 0.05).
Abbreviations: CEACAM8, carcinoembryonic antigenrelated cell adhesion molecule 8; CML, N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DASH diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet; FlOP, fluorescent oxidation product; FRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma; Gal-4, Galectin-4; GSH, glutathione; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; hs, high-sensitivity; IL, interleukin; ILTR1, interleukin-1 receptor type 1; IL2RA, interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha; ox-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein; MDA, malonyldialdehyde; MMP-7, matrix metalloproteinase-7; MPO, myeloperoxidase; N, number; NO, nitric oxide; PON-3, paraoxonase 3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sNOX2-dp, soluble Nox2-derived peptide; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; tGSH, total glutathione; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TRAIL-R2, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 2; UPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor; 8-OH-dG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.