Fig. 4. Evolutions during multi-stage core formation.

a P and T and b fO₂ conditions for metal–silicate equilibrium. c Core mass fraction. FeO (d), Ni (e), Co (f), and H₂O (h) in the silicate; and O and Si (g) and H (i) in the core. Each model, S1 (red), F2 (black), and R3 (purple) in Supplementary Table 4, employed a different combination of P–T path (a) and partitioning data^2,3,6,57,63 for elements other than hydrogen (see Supplementary Table 3 for each parameter set). The present Earth values are shown by gray bands.