Fig. 5. Efficient vaccination with human IL-4 and IL-13 kinoids in IL-4/IL-13^KI; IL-4Rα^KI humanized mice.

a Vaccination protocol outline. hIL-4/hIL-13^KI; hIL-4Rα^KI mice were vaccinated with hIL-4-K and hIL-13-K in combination (or CRM₁₉₇ as control), combined with the adjuvant SWE. b, c Anti-human IL-4 (b) and anti-human IL-13 (c) neutralizing capacity in sera collected at the indicated time point. Results show values from individual mice (n = 7/group) with bars indicating medians. d, e Levels of total IgE (d) in sera or on the surface of blood basophils (e) at the indicated time points. Results show values from individual mice (n = 7/group) with bars indicating means ± SEMs. *, **, or ***: P < 0.05, 0.01 or 0.001 (two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test). f Representative ear skin sections stained with avidin (which stains mast cells, red), anti-IgE (green), and DAPI (blue) 24 h after the last HDM challenge. g Quantification of IgE levels in avidin-positive mast cells. Results show values from individual avidin-positive mast cells analyzed in ear skin sections from n = 7 mice injected with CRM₁₉₇ and n = 5 mice injected with hIL-4-K and hIL-13-K, with bars indicating means ± SEMs. P values were calculated using two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test. Source data are provided in the Source data file.