. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov 12;57:28–40. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.10.006

Table 1.

Effectors for circadian rhythm in cardiac function.

Category	Effector	Circadian regulation on cardiac physiology & disease susceptibility
Ion channel	SCN5A, CACNA1C, KChIP2	Heart rate and cardiac electrophysiology (repolarization); arrhythmia
Metabolic enzyme	NAMPT	NAD⁺ biosynthesis
	DGCT2	Triacylglycerol biosynthesis
	BDH1	Ketone body catabolism
Metabolite	NAD⁺	Cardiac metabolism and SIRT1/3-dependent regulation; I/R injury
Metabolite	H₂O₂	Redox cycling of Prx III and mitochondrial function
Intracellular signaling	AMPK	Cardiac metabolism (NAMPT and hormone-sensitive lipase)
	PI3K/AKT (mTOR & GSK3β)	Translation, autophagy, hormone (insulin) response and Ca_v1.2 expression; hypertrophy and I/R injury
	PKA	β-adrenergic signaling, SERCA2 activity and contractility
	CaN	β-adrenergic signaling and CaN signaling; I/R injury and heart failure
MicroRNA	miR-21	Glycolysis and cardiomyocyte survival; I/R injury
Novel mechanism	?	Mitochondrial dynamics (mitophagy, fission and fusion), alternative splicing, long non-coding RNA and BMAL1-independent clock