Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics by SPPB Performance
| Demographics with Value Ranges |
Overall (n=417) |
SPPB* Low (n=83) |
SPPB* Middle (n=153) |
SPPB Best* (n=181) |
p – value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) of Participants or Median (IQR) Value | |||||
| Age (years) (65-96) | 76 (70-82) | 80 (73-85) | 76 (71-82) | 74 (70-80) | <0.0001 |
| Female Gender | 280 (67.2%) | 57 (68.7%) | 98 (64.1%) | 125 (69.1%) | 0.60 |
| White Race | 343 (82.3%) | 63 (76.0%) | 129 (84.3%) | 151 (83.4%) | 0.23 |
| Education | |||||
| < High School | 53 (12.7%) | 13 (15.7%) | 20 (13.1%) | 20 (11.1%) | |
| High School Graduate | 125 (30.0%) | 32 (38.6%) | 40 (26.1%) | 53 (29.3%) | 0.33 |
| College Graduate | 135 (32.4%) | 24 (28.9%) | 52 (34.0%) | 59 (32.6%) | |
| Graduate or Professional School | 104 (24.9%) | 14 (16.9%) | 41 (26.8%) | 49 (27.1%) | |
| Chronic Condition | 4 (2-5) | 4 (3-6) | 4 (3-6) | 3 (2-5) | <0.0001 |
| Count | |||||
| Visual Impairment‡ | 18 (4.3%) | 8 (9.6%) | 6 (3.9%) | 4 (2.2%) | 0.02 |
| Cognition§ (18-30) | 28 (26-29) | 27 (26-29) | 28 (26-29) | 28 (27-29) | 0.0001 |
| Body Mass Index∥ | |||||
| <25 | 98 (23.5%) | 23 (27.7%) | 35 (22.9%) | 40 (22.1%) | |
| 25-29.9 | 163 (39.1%) | 34 (41.0%) | 56 (36.6%) | 73 (40.3%) | 0.66 |
| ≥30 | 156 (37.4%) | 26 (31.3%) | 63 (40.5%) | 68 (37.6%) | |
| Psychotropic Drugs | |||||
| None | 290 (69.5%) | 47 (56.6%) | 105 (68.6%) | 138 (76.2%) | |
| Single Agent | 73 (17.5%) | 20 (24.1%) | 29 (19.0%) | 24 (13.3%) | 0.03 |
| 2+ Agents | 54 (13.0%) | 16 (19.3%) | 19 (12.4%) | 19 (10.5%) | |
| Physical Activity** (36.4 - 636.9) | 166 (126-212) | 130.1 (110-167) | 165.0 (127-200) | 180.4 (141-246) | <0.0001 |
| Depression†† (0-27) | 16 (3.8%) | 7 (8.4 %) | 4 (2.6%) | 5 (2.8%) | 0.05 |
| Pain‡‡ (0-10) | 2.3 (1.0-3.5) | 2.8 (1.8-4.0) | 2.5 (1.3-4.3) | 2.0 (0.8-3.3) | 0.0004 |
| Fell in Past Year | 176 (42.2%) | 47 (56.6%) | 62 (40.5%) | 67 (37.0%) | 0.01 |
| Self Efficacy§§ (0-100) | 79 (67-89) | 65 (51-74) | 76 (68-88) | 86 (75-93) | <0.0001 |
Note. SPPB=Short Physical Performance Battery.
SPPB Low Performance Group Total Score 4-6, Middle Performance Group Total Score 7-9, and Best Performance Group Total Score 10-12.
Chi Square and Kruskal-Wallis H test for p-values reflect overall differences between SPPB categories.
Visual impairment defined inability to successfully read the 20/50 line of the Snellen eye chart.
Cognition measured with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE).
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Physical activity measured using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.
Depression characterized as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores ≥10.
Pain measured with the Brief Pain Inventory.
Balance self efficacy measured with the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC).