Table 2.
Confusion matrix of the 2020 Vietnam-wide LULC map (Level 2) created from the integration of Landsat OLI, and Sentinel SAR GRD and MSI satellite images with the random-forest-based algorithm. PA: Producer accuracy (%); UA: User accuracy (%); SEM: Standard error of the mean for UA; F1: F1 score; Overall accuracy: 84.7%, and Kappa coefficient: 83.8 (%). R1: Residence 1; R2: Residence 2; RP: Rice paddies; WC: Woody crops; OC: Other crops; IC: In-house crops; GL: Grassland; BL: Barren land; SL: Scrubland; DBF: Deciduous broadleaf forest; EBR: Evergreen broadleaf forest; ENF: Evergreen needleleaf forest; PL: Plantation land; MF: Mangrove forest; IW: Inland wetland; OW: Open water; AC: Aquaculture; BA: Bamboo areas.
| Land cover map | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | R2 | RP | WC | OC | IC | GL | BL | SL | ||
| Reference data | R1 | 804 | 137 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 1 |
| R2 | 212 | 848 | 4 | 17 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 8 | |
| RP | 0 | 1 | 932 | 5 | 27 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0 | |
| WC | 0 | 2 | 12 | 674 | 45 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 6 | |
| OC | 0 | 2 | 27 | 26 | 801 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 11 | |
| IC | 15 | 34 | 9 | 15 | 26 | 1044 | 0 | 26 | 84 | |
| GL | 0 | 0 | 14 | 39 | 45 | 0 | 975 | 17 | 9 | |
| BL | 16 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 0 | 40 | 960 | 10 | |
| SL | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 8 | 0 | 17 | 16 | 898 | |
| DBF | 1 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | |
| EBF | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| ENF | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
| PL | 0 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| MF | 0 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| IW | 0 | 3 | 7 | 160 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| OW | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| AC | 1 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| BA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| PA | 83.2 | 76.1 | 95.0 | 84.6 | 89.4 | 82.9 | 83.4 | 88.2 | 88.4 | |
| UA | 76.6 | 80.8 | 88.8 | 64.2 | 76.3 | 99.4 | 92.9 | 91.4 | 85.5 | |
| SEM | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | |
| F1 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.87 | |
| Land cover map | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DBF | EBF | ENF | PL | MF | IW | OW | AC | BA | ||
| Reference data | R1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| R2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| RP | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| WC | 5 | 7 | 0 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| OC | 3 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| IC | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| GL | 2 | 24 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| BL | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| SL | 33 | 12 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| DBF | 980 | 30 | 4 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| EBF | 2 | 355 | 1 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
| ENF | 9 | 202 | 1045 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| PL | 2 | 39 | 0 | 603 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| MF | 0 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 1036 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
| IW | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 2 | 1042 | 0 | 95 | 0 | |
| OW | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1028 | 3 | 0 | |
| AC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 20 | 939 | 0 | |
| BA | 0 | 376 | 0 | 119 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1043 | |
| PA | 89.4 | 84.7 | 79.3 | 87.3 | 96.1 | 72.2 | 99.3 | 95.6 | 67.2 | |
| UA | 93.3 | 33.8 | 99.5 | 57.4 | 98.7 | 99.2 | 97.9 | 89.4 | 99.3 | |
| SEM | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | |
| F1 | 0.91 | 0.48 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.80 | |